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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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scientific study of behavoir and mental processes.
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Rene Descartes
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Rationalist- true knowledge from reasoning.
Nativist: heredity provides inborn knowledge we should doubt everything..i think therefore i am |
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John Locke
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mind is receptive and passive.
tabula rasa. everything is learned. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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father of psych. found first psych lab in germany. focus on consciousness: attention, reaction, emmory...
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Structuralism
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psych should analyze consciousness in basic elements and investigate how they're related. sensation& perception.
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Functionalism
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psych should investigate FUNCTION or purpose of consciousness, not structure. how ppl adapt behavoir to world aorund them
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Wiliam James
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-father of fxnalism
-focus on adaptation (darwin) consciousness is important to US so what is its fxn? |
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Sigmund Freu
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psychoanalysis. unconscious has thoughts, memories and desires below conscious awareness that exert influence on behavoir
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psychoanalystic theory
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explain personality/motivation/menatal disorders by focusing on unconscious
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Behaviorism
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John B. Watson. psych should onlystudy observable behavoir.
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BF Skinner
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we don't have free will, we just respond to our environment.
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stimulus response theory
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we respond to stimuli w/our behavoir, not thought--no free will
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humanist
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emphasize unquie quality of humans: freedom/free will/ personal growth. NOT pawns
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applied pschology
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concerned with everyday practical problems
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clinical psychology
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diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
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Cognitive psych
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mental process involved in acquiring knowledge..the biological stuff influence how we behave? HOW ppl think
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Cross cultural psych
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look at how ppl in different regions think
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Evolutionary psych
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behavioral processes in terms of adaptive value for species over many generations
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positive psych
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what makes ppl hapy
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Hypothesis
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tentaive statement about relationship between 2+ variables
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theory
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system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
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5 Steps in scientific Investigation
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1. form hypothesis
2. design study 3. collect data 4. analyze the data, draw conclusions 5. report finding |
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Subjects
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ppl/animal we are observing
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types of data collection
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direct observation, questionnaire, interview, psych test, physiological reading, records
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experimental gp
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subjects who receive some treatment
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control gropu
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subject who do not recieve treatment
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extraneous variables
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any variable other htan independent that seem likely to influence dependent variabe in a study
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confounding of variables
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when 2 variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out thier specific effects
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advatnage/disadvantage of experimental research
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advantage: you can control the indep and dep variable.
disad: artifical environemtn. method can't be used for ALL research. |
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correlation
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2 variables are related to each other
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Correlation in experiments
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gives prediction, but does not give us causation. variables can be correlated but we don't know if they're actually CAUSE
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naturalistic observation
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reserach engages in observation of behavior w/o intervening with subject.
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case stuy
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in-depth investigation of individual subject
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survey
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use questionnaires or interveiws to gather info about aspects of particpant's bg and behavoir
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advantage/dis of correlational research
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give reserachers a way to explore questions that cna't be determined experimentally but researcher can't control events to isolate cause and effect. so can't determine if one causes the other
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sample
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collection of subjects selected for observation
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population
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larger collection from which sample is drawn-- what they generalize about
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social desirability bias
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tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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experimetner bias
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researcher's expectations influence result
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dbl blind
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research strategy where subjects and experimentors BOTH don't know which subjects are in exp or control gp
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Neurons
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receive, integrate and transmit information
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soma
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cell body of neuron-- contains nucleus and chemical machinery
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dendirtes
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parts of neuron speicalized to receive info
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axon
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long thin fiber that trasnmits signals away from soma to other neurons
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myelin sheath
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insulating material that encases axons.
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terminal bbuttons
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end of axon. small knobs that secrete chemicals (neurotransmitters) chemicals are messengers
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synapse
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jxn where info is transmitted from one neuron to the other
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Glia
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cells found throughout nervous system that provide support for neurons. "glue". supply nuts, remove waste and insulate neurons
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hodgkin and huxley
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neural impulse is complex electrochemical rxn
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resting potential of neuron
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stable, negative chg when cell is inactive
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action potential of neuron
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when neuron stmulated, Na+ rush in and cause psotive action potential to shoot.. brief shift in neuron electrical chg that traves down axon
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absolute refractory pd
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time after action potential during which another action potential cna't begin
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all or nothing law
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neuron has to reach a certain action potential in order to fire..but they don't produce smaller action potentials to smaller stimuli... but they DO convey info about stregnth of stimulus
-stronger stimulus- faster impulse |
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synaptic cleft
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gap between terminal buttons of 2 neurons. the one that sends signal is presynpatic and the one that recieves is postsynaptic
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neurotransmitters
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chem that transmit info from one neuron to another
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postsynaptic potential (PSP)
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when neurotransmitter and receptor moelc combine, causes PSP voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane. they do NOT follow the all or nothing. PSP are graded-- vary in size and vary probabilty of neural impulse in the receiving cell in prop to amnt of voltage change
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excitatory vs. inhibitory PSP
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positve increases likelihood that postsyn neuron will fire action potential vs. negative which will decrease posibility of firing postsyn neuron
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reuptake
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neurotransmitters are taken up from the synaptic cleft by presynap membrane
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. ACh released for you to move.
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agonist
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chem that mimics action of neurotransmitters
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monoamines
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dopamine, norepin and serotonin. regulate daily behavior. dopamine (voluntary movement). serotonin (sleep)
norepi (mood and arousal) |
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endorphins
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internally produced chem that resemble opiates in structure
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Nervous system made up of 2 parts
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Central and Peripheral
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Peripheral Nervous
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all nerves outside brain and spinal cord. divided into somatic and autonomic
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somatic nervous sys
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nerves connected to voluntary muslces and sensory receptors
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afferent vs. efferent nerve
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afferent: axons that carry info IN from periphery to central nervous system.
efferent: axons that carry info out from the cns to the periphery of body |
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autonomic nervous
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nerves that connect to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands. involuntary. divided to sympathetic an dparasympathetic
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sympathetic vs. parasymp
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symp mobilizes for emergencies. increase heart rate, trigger adrenalineparasymp: conserves bodily resources= slow heart rate, dreduce blood pressure
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central nervous sys (CNS)
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brian and spinal cord
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spinal cord
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connects brian to rest of body through pns.
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brain
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cns that fills skull
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lesioning
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destroying piece of brain
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hindbrain
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cerebellum and medulla and pons
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medulla
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unconscious fxns like breathing, muslce tone, circulation
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pons
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connects brainstem with cerebellum. sleep and arousal
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cerebellum
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large and eeply folded. coordination of movement and equilibrium. comands for movement. fine motor skills
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midbrain
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segment of branstem between hindbrain and forebrain. vision and hearing.
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forebrain
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largest and most complex. includes thalamus, hypothal, limbic system and cerebrum
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thalamus
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in forebrain through which all sensory info must pass.
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hypothal
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near baes of forebrain involved in regulation of basic biological needs. controls autonomic nervous system. does F fight, flee, feed, mate
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limbic system
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loosely connected network located along border between cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical Areas. pleasure centers. inclues thalamus and hypothalamus
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cerebrum
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largest and most complex. responsible for learning, remembering, thinking
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cerebral hemsphere
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right and left part of cerebrum. connected by corpus collosum
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lobe
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hemisphree dividedinto 4 lobes
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occipital lobe
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back of head. visual
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parietal lobe
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front of occipital. sense of touch and monitors body's position
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temporal lobe
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below parietal, near temples. auditory. and movemnt of muslce (primary motor complex) and fine motor skills.
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prefontal cortex (frontal lobe)
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thought, organize, direct though processes
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broca's area
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produce speech on left side of frontal lobe
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wernickes area
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tempora lobe of LEFT hemisphere -- COMPREHENSION of language
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eac hhemsiphere controls
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the opposite side of body. so left hemisphere controls and comunicates with right hand... vision and hearing use both
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left heisphere
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better at verbal processing, leanguage, speech, reading, writing
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right hemisphere
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nonverbal processing, spatial, musical and visual recognition
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family studies
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assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another
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memory encoding
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forms memory code. enter data
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memory storage
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maintaing encoded info in memory over time
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memory retrieval
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recovering info frommemory stores
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attention
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focus awareness on narrowed range of stimuli or events
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structural encoding
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shallow processing that emphasizes physical structure of stimulus. like if words are capital/lowercase. how many
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phonemic encoding
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what word sounds like.
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semantic encoding
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meaning of verbal input.
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levels of processing theory
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deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
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elaboration
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linking stimulus to other info at time of encoding
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dual-coding theory
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memory is enhanced by forming both semantic (meaning) and visual codes.
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sensory memory
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preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time. allows sensation of visual pattern, sound or touch to linger for a brief moment after stimulus is over
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short term memory
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limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearesed info for 20 seconds
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chunking
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remembering by grouping to remember better. ex. phonenumbers
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long term memory
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unlimited capacity store that holds info over long pd of time. stores indefinitely.
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flashbulb memor
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unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
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schema
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organized cluster of knowledge about aparticular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event. ppl are more liely to rmember things that are consistant with their schemas
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semantic network
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nodes representing concepts joined together by paths that link related concepts. ex. fire engine linked to red and car and house...
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connectionist model or parallel distributive model
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assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks... . memories correspond to paritcular patterns of activation
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recontructing memory
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you pull up mental video to replay past..may include details that didnt actualy occur
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misinformation effect
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participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event info. like the nose
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relearning measure
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requires person to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
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ineffective codin
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leads to forgetting. pseudoforgetting. lack of attention.
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decay theory
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forgetting occurs bc memory fades with time
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interference theory
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ppl forget bc of competition from othe material.
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retroactive interference
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new info impairs the retention of previously leanred info
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proactive interference
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when previously learned info interferes with retention of new info. example, so used to saying 2008, that you forget to say 2009
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encoding specificity principle
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value of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to meory code
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repression
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keeping distressing thought buriedin unconscious
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retrogade amnesia
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perosn loses memory for events that occured prior to injury
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anterograde amnesia
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person loses memory for events after injury. ex- after accidnet, can't really remember ppl she meets, where park car
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consolidation
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hypothetical process involving gradual conversion of info into durable meory codes sored into long term meoery
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declarative meory system
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handles facts. words, defs, names, dates..
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procedural memory system
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memry for actions, skill, conditioned response, emotional. ex- riding a boke
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episodic memory system
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chronological recollections of personal experience
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semantic memory system
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general knowledge that isnt' tied to th etime when the info was leanred. exampel- knowing that xmas is in december, phoeni is in arizona. you don't remmeber WHEN you learned it
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prospective meomry
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remembering to perfor actions in the future. ex. go to the store, walk thte dog...
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retrospective memory
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remember events from past or previously leanred info. like remembering your childhood or who won the super bowl...
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