Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Classical conditioning |
Whena neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response. |
Pavlov's dog |
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism. |
food |
|
|
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US |
A bell |
|
|
Unconditioned Response (UR) |
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
Drooling over food |
|
|
Conditioned Response (CR) |
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus. |
Drooling over a bell |
|
|
Acquision |
he phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. |
Food and bell |
|
|
Secondary Conditioning |
conditioning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure |
Money |
|
|
Extinction |
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US. |
no food? |
|
|
Spontaneous Recovery |
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period. |
Pavlovs dog after rest (and no food) |
|
|
Generalization |
The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition. |
Adapting to a new can opener, for example |
|
|
Discrimination |
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. |
Hmm somethings diferent |
|
|
Little Albert |
A child who Watson (a behaviorist) experimented on, conditioning him to associate a whiter rat that he was previously indifferent to, to fear produced by a load sound. |
Rats O.o |
|
|
Rescorla–Wagner model |
Cognative component to classical conditioning: response is produced due to expectation of linked US. Result: more familiar things are harder to associate, since they already have expectations. |
Expectation |
|
|
Biological preparedness |
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
Food aversion. Chipotle ): |
|
|
Operant Conditioning |
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. |
Consequences |
|
|
Thorndike |
Thorndike’s research focused on instrumental behaviors, that is, behavior that required an organism to do something, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment. Thorndike's puzzle box. |
Poor kitties |
|
|
Law of effect |
Behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated. |
The 'no ****' law |
|
|
operant behavior |
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment. |
ie pressing a lever to open a door |
|
|
Reinforcer |
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
Reward |
|
|
Punisher |
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it. |
ie spanking |
|
|
primary reinforcers |
Food, comfort, shelter, or warmth are examples of primary reinforcers because they help satisfy biological needs. |
food, shelter, ect |
|
|
secondary reinforcers |
secondary reinforcers derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning. For example, money starts out as a neutral CS that, through its association with primary USs like acquiring food or shelter, takes on a conditioned emotional element. |
ie money, praise |
|
|
schedules of reinforcement |
patterns in which reinforcement is produced in operant conditioning |
|
|
|
stimulus control |
most behavior is under stimulus control, which develops when a particular response only occurs when an appropriate discriminative stimulus, a stimulus that indicates that a response will be reinforced, is present |
classroom vs out with friends |
|
|
fixed-interval schedule (FI) |
reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made. |
cramming |
|
|
variable-interval schedule (VI) |
a behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement. |
radio giveaways |
|
|
fixed-ratio schedule (FR) |
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
factory workers |
|
|
variable-ratio schedule (VR) |
the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
slot machine |
|
|
intermittent reinforcement |
when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement, they produce behavior that is much more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule. |
harder to go extinct |
|
|
shaping |
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
step by step |
|
|
Tolman |
Tolman argued that there was more to learning than just knowing the circumstances in the environment (the properties of the stimulus) and being able to observe a particular outcome (the reinforced response). Instead, Tolman proposed that an animal established a means–ends relationship. That is, the conditioning experience produced knowledge or a belief that, in this particular situation, a specific reward (the end state) will appear if a specific response (the means to that end) is made. |
means-ends |
|
|
latent learning |
something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
rats in a maze |
|
|
cognative map |
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment. |
|
|
|
reward prediction error |
reward prediction error: the difference between the actual reward received versus the amount of predicted or expected reward Affected by dopamine, altered in those with Perkinspns disease specifically those taking L-dopa |
|
|
|
pleasure centers |
limbic system. The neurons in the medial forebrain bundle, a pathway that meanders its way from the midbrain through thehypothalamus into the nucleus accumbens, are the most susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure. the neurons all along this pathway and especially those in the nucleus accumbens itself are all dopaminergic |
parts of the brain that secrete dopamine |
|
|
observational learning |
learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
bobo doll |
|
|
diffusion chain |
individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
|
|
|
enculteration hypothesis |
Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, especially their ability to understand the intentions of others when performing tasks such as using tools, which in turn increases their observational learning capacities. |
monkeys! |
|
|
implicit learning |
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition. Unrelated to IQ People differ less in responses Doesn't change much with time/age |
grammar |
|
|
serial reaction time tasks |
for example being shown a series of flashing lights and implicitly learning the pattern |
patterns |
|
|
habitualization |
reacting less to a stiumulus after time |
|
|
|
Learning |
the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
|
|
|
sensitization |
presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus |
shock me once |
