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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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central nervous system |
comprised of the brain and spinal chord
well-protected by skull and brain incasing it, but damage is usually permanent functions as the command center (processes info, makes decisions) |
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peripheral nervous sytem |
contains all other nerves and is chiefly divides into two subsystems (somatic/autonomic)
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somatic nervous system |
voluntary systems
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autonomic nervous system |
manages involuntary systems - sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight/ex. see a cop) prepares the body to react in times of stress; all functions can happen at the same timepar asympathetic nervous system (rest and digest/ex. cop drives by you and doesn't arrest you) maintains body functions under ordinary conditions, functions much slower |
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dendrites |
receives messages from other cells (looks like a tree branch) and is attached to soma |
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soma/cell body |
cell body that contains the nucleus and maintains the life of the cell (control system) |
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axon |
fiber attached to the soma that carries messages out to other cells (looks like sausage links) |
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terminal ends
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form junctions with other cells |
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action potential |
release of a neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon (peak)
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depolarization |
threshold that results in action potential (inside becomes more positive)
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all or none phenomenon |
a neuron either completely fires or it doesn't fire at all (no in between) ex. shooting a gun: always comes out at the same speed |
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acetylocholine |
memory and learning, movement (peripheral system) |
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dopamine |
aspects of movement (in central nervous system) and emotions (pain management) too much dopamine: elevated mood, increased motor activity too little dopamine: muscle rigidityrelates to pain |
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GABA |
most common neurotransmitter from the nervous systemprimary inhibitory (prevent/slows down rate of firing) low levels of anxiety muscle relaxes |
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serotonin |
related to moodlow level of serotonin is associated to depression primary inhibitory (tells other neurons to "be quiet") involved with dreaming (hallucinations) |
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the medulla |
located at the brain stemnon conscious bodily functionsmaintains and regulates vomiting, breathing, heart-rate, blood pressure well protected, hard to damage |
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pons |
located at brain stem above the medullasleeping, walking and dreaming motor control comes through front portion sensory information comes through back portion damage can cause coma, insomnia, and the inability to move (locked in syndrome) |
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cerebellum |
located at the back of the brain stemlittle brain attached to rear of stemheavily folded because it houses as many, if not more, neurons than the rest of the brain
helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance helps accuracy and timing movements (ex. learning how to play an instrument) damage could cause loss of coordination, lack of balance, stumbling around (ex. sobriety test - walk in a straight line, hand to nose) |
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thalamus |
limbic system structure directs sensory information to higher cortical regions"massive traffic cop" if damaged, information can become cross-wireds ynesthesia - disorder in which sensory organs are processed in different cortical areas, causing information to be interpreted as more than one sensation (seeing colors with numbers) |
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hypothalamus |
limbic system structure motivation and regulation of behavior (drives) regulates body temp, thirst levels, internal biological clock, hunger, sexual behavior, onset of puberty damage messes up regular of this behaviortest on rats proved that they either couldn't stop eating or couldn't eat at all |
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amygdala |
involved with emotions such as anger, fear, aggression if area is stimulated with electrons (which apply pressure) neurons will fire and patients enter a rage(removed in cat experiment and showed no aggression/fear with monkeys) emotional tagging of memories (picture of a loved one revokes an emotional response with a memory/ex. man thought his family were impersonators) |
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hippocampus |
memory damage results in failure to create new memories(if there is a hippo on campus, you will remember it) |
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temporal lobe |
processes sound comprehends language and recognition of visual objects storing new memoriesdamage can cause: deafness, lack of language comprehension, inability to distinguish sounds |
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occipital lobe
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foundational elements of vision (line, color) damage can result in partial or complete blindness or other visual deficits prosopragnosia- inability to recognize familiar faces reason why we see stars after being hit in the head with a ball |
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parietal
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shifting attention
damage can result in unilateral neglect (individual may ignore one side of space) if right side is damaged, one will not recognize their left hand |
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somatosensory strip |
part of the parietal lobe registration of sensation on the body (hand area, foot area) contralateral - opposite side of brain processes the information (pinching right hand is processes in left side of brain) phantom limb sensation - patients feel the presence of a limb even though their limb is no longer there (amputee patients) mirror box - association between visual information and sensation |
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frontal lobe |
most advanced area of brain but also the most susceptible to damage involved with voluntary movement, intelligence, and personalityproblem solving |
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absolute threshold |
lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is presented ex. hearing test |
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difference threshold or JND |
smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time ex. slowly changing stereo volume until someone notices |
