Chapter 2: Bio Psych

Front 1

biological scientists

Back 1

branch of psych concerned with links btw bio and behav

Front 2

neuron

Back 2

nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system

Front 3

dendrite

Back 3

the bushy branching extensions of a neuron that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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axon

Back 4

extensions of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages pass to other neurons or muscles or glands

Front 5

myleansheath

Back 5

layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing fibers of many neurons, enables much faster transmission speed of neural impulses as impulse hops from one node to the next

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action potential

Back 6

neural impulse. briev exectrical charge that travels down an axon. ggenerated by mvmt of + charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane

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threshold

Back 7

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response

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Dopamine

Back 8

rewards brain; learning;attencion;emotion; controls voluntary mvmt; addiction
too much: schitzophrenia
too little: parkinson's disease, ADHD, tourettes syndrome

Front 9

Serotonin

Back 9

SSRI calming effect, mood/ emotion, hunger, sleep and arousal, involved in perception
too much: little appetite
too little: mood disorders (depression), OCD, aggressiveness, sleep trouble

Front 10

Gaba

Back 10

inhibitory. main inhibitory neurotransmitter; reduces anxiety
too much: real laid back (barbituate use)
too little: anxiety, sleep disorder, eating disorders

Front 11

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Back 11

muscle action; learning; memory and peralisis
too much: contraction of muscles (black widow)
too little: alzhelmers, muscles can't contract

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Norepinphrine

Back 12

helps control alertness& arousal& moodstates
too much: aggitation, elevated mood and rousal, overinflated sense of self
too little: depression, mood disorders (chronic stress delpetes it)

Front 13

glutamine

Back 13

exitatory neuron; involved in memory
too much: brain over stimulation (seizures and migranes)

Front 14

endorphins

Back 14

pain reduction; pleasure (enhance dopamine release), hibernation
too much: do to opiate use (heroin) feeling of euphoria
too little: discomfort, real cranky (heroin withdrawl)

Front 15

synapse

Back 15

junction btw axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite/cell body of recieving one- gap=synaptic gap/cleft

Front 16

neurotransmitters

Back 16

chemicalmessengers that traverse the synaptic gaps btw neurons from neuron->synapse->bind to receptor sites on recieving neuron; influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

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reuptake

Back 17

sendingneuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter molecules

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angonist

Back 18

a molecule similiar to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effects or itmay block reuptake (ex opiates)

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antagonist

Back 19

a drugg molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter's release (ex. botulin)

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nervous system

Back 20

body's speedy electrochemical ccommunication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and chentral nervous system

Front 21

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 21

brain and spinal chord

Front 22

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 22

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Front 23

nerves

Back 23

natural "cables" containing many axons. these bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect to the CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs

Front 24

sensory neurons

Back 24

neurons that carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the CNS

Front 25

motor neurons

Back 25

neurons that carry ongoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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Interneurons

Back 26

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene btw the sensory imputs and motor outputs

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somatic nervous system

Back 27

division of peripheral nervous system that controls body's skeletal muscles AKA skeletal nervoussystem

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autonomic nervous system

Back 28

parto fo the PNS that controls glands and internal muscles of organs (heart)

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sympathetic nervous system

Back 29

division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its engergy in stressful situations

Front 30

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 30

division of the ANS that calmsthe body, conserving energy

Front 31

reflexes

Back 31

simple, automatic, inborn response to sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response

Front 32

neural networks

Back 32

interconnected neural cells. with experience networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Analogous learning.

Front 33

endocrine system

Back 33

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; set of glands tghat secrete hormones into the blood stream

Front 34

hormones

Back 34

chemical messenggers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glandsthat are produced in one dissue and affect another

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adrenal glands

Back 35

endocrineglands (2) atop the kidneys. secrete epinepherine (adrelinine) and norepinephrine which arous the body in times of stress

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pituitary gland

Back 36

a system's mos influential gland under the influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary gland regulates growth and controls the endocrine glands

Front 37

lesion

Back 37

tissue destruction

Front 38

exectroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 38

amplified reading of waves of electral activity that sweep across the brain's surface. measured by electrodes put on scalp

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PET Scan

Back 39

visual display of radio activity;detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes whild the brain preforms a task

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MRI

Back 40

technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated imagges that distinguis among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures w/in brain

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fMRI

Back 41

technique for revealingg blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. shows brain fcn

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brain stem

Back 42

oldest part and central core of brain. beginningg where the spinal cord dwells as it enters the scull; the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival fcns

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medulla

Back 43

base of brainstem; controls breathing and heartbeat

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reticular formation

Back 44

nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controllingg arousal

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cerebellum

Back 45

the "little brain" attached tgo the rear of the brainstem; its fcns include processing sensory input and coordiniating mvmt and output and balence

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limbic system

Back 46

doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated withe motion (fear and aggression) and drives sucha s these for food and sex includes

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hypothalamus

Back 47

neural structure lying below the thalmus; directs several maintenance activities (eating drinking, boidytemp, etc) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, is linked to emotion

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amygdala

Back 48

2 limabean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emton

Front 49

cerebral brain cortex

Back 49

intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemisphees. the body's ultimate control and processessing center

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glial cells (glia)

Back 50

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons. greater concentration of glia in Enstein's head

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frontal lobe

Back 51

speaking and muscle mvmt, makingg plans and judgements

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parietal lobe

Back 52

top of head, in back, -> sensory input for touch and body position

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occipital lobe

Back 53

portion in back-> vision, recieve visual info from the opposite field

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temporal lobe

Back 54

above ears -> autditory info from opposite ear

Front 55

motor cortex

Back 55

voluntary mvmt control (left brain controls right side)

Front 56

sensory cortex

Back 56

front of parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and mvmt sensations

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association areas

Back 57

areas of cerebral cortex NOT involved in primary motor sensory fcns; rather, are inovolved in higher mental fcns (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking)

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aphasia

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impairment of language

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Broca's area

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language expression

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Wernicke's area

Back 60

language reception -> language comprehension and expression

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angular gyrus

Back 61

recieves visual info and recodes it into auditory form-- damge leaves person able to talk / understand but unable to read

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plasticity

Back 62

brain's ability to modify itself after damage

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corpus callosom

Back 63

large band of neural fibers connecting 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages btw them

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split brain

Back 64

2 brain hemisphers are cut and isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (slows messages, stopping seizures)