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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
memory
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retention of information over time
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suggestive memory techniques
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procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
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memory illusion
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false but subjectively compelling memory
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span
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how much information a memory system can retain
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duration
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length of time for which a memory system can retain information
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sensory memory
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brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory
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iconic memory
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visual sensory memory
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echoic memory
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auditory sensory memory
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short-term memory
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memory system that retains information for limited durations
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decay
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fading of information from memory
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interference
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loss of information for memory because of competition from additional incoming information
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retroactive inhibition
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interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
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proactive inhibition
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interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning information
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Magic Number
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the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information
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chunking
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organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory
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rehearsal
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repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory
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maintenance rehearsal
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repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory
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elaborative rehearsal
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linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
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levels of processing
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depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
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long-term memory
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sustained (from minutes to years) retention from information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
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permastore
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type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent
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primacy effect
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tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially wel
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recency effect
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tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
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von Restorff effect
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tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli
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serial position curve
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graph depicting the effect of both primary and recency of peoples ability o recall items on a list
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semantic memory
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our knowledge of facts about the world
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episodic memory
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recollection of events in our lives
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explicit memory
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memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
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implicit memory
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memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
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procedural memory
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memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
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priming
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our ability to identify a stimulus more easily and more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
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encoding
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process of getting information into our memory banks
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mnemonic
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a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
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storage
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process of keeping information in memory
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schema
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organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
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retrieval
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reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
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retrieval cues
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hints that make it easier for us to recall information
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recall
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generating previously remembered information
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recognition
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selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
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relearning
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reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned by largely forgotten over time
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distributed versus massed practice
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studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
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tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon
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experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
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retrograde amnesia
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loss of memories from our past
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to encode new memories from our experiences
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meta-memory
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knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
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infantile amnesia
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inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age
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flashbulb memories
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emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed
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source monitoring
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ability to identify the origins of a memory
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cryptomnesia
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failure to recognize that our ideas originated from someone else
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misinformation effect
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creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
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encoding specificity
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phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
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context-dependent learning
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superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
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state-dependent learning
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superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
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