Psyc1/chap14/socialpsych

Front 1

actor-observer effect

Back 1

The tendency to attribute the causes of one’s own behavior to situational factors while attributing the causes of other people’s behavior to internal factors or dispositions.

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attitude

Back 2

A positive or negative evaluation of persons, objects, or issues.

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attraction

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Feelings of liking for others, together with having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act toward them in

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attribution

Back 4

An assumption about the causes of behavior or events.

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authoritarian personality

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A personality type characterized by rigidity, prejudice, and excessive concerns with obedience and respect for authority.

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bait-and-switch technique

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A compliance technique based on “baiting” a person by making an unrealistically attractive offer and then replacing it with a less attractive offer.

Front 7

bystander intervention

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Helping a stranger in distress.

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cognitive dissonance theory

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The belief that people are motivated to resolve discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes, beliefs, or perceptions.

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compliance

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The process of acceding to the requests or demand s of others.

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conformity

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The tendency to adjust one’s behavior to actual or perceived social pressures.

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contact hypothesis

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Allport’s belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension.

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discrimination

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Unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category.

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dispositional causes

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Causes relating to the internal characteristics or traits of individuals.

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door-in-the-face technique

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A compliance technique in which refusal of a large, unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.

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elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

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A theoretical model that posits two channels by which persuasive appeals lead to attitude change: a central route and a peripheral route.

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foot-in-the-door technique

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A compliance technique based on securing compliance with a smaller re quest as a prelude to making a larger request.

Front 17

fundamental attribution error

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The tendency to attribute behavior to internal causes without regard to situational influences.

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groupthink

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Janis’s term for the tendency of members of a decision-making group to be more focused on reaching a consensus than on critically examining the issues at hand.

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impression formation

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The process of developing an opinion or impression of another person.

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in-group favoritism

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A cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in-groups than to those of out-groups.

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in-groups

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Social, religious, ethnic, racial, or national groups with which one identifies.

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legitimization of authority

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The tendency to grant legitimacy to the orders or commands of per sons in authority.

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low-ball technique

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A compliance technique based on obtaining a person’s initial agreement to purchase an item at a lower price before revealing hidden costs that raise the ultimate price.

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matching hypothesis

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The belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other characteristics.

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obedience

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Compliance with commands or orders issued by others, usually persons in a position of authority.

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out-group homogeneity

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A cognitive bias describing the tendency to perceive members of out-groups as more alike than members of in-groups.

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out-group negativism

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A cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute mo re negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups.

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out-groups

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Groups other than those with which one identifies.

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personal identity

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The part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as unique individuals.

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prejudice

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A preconceived opinion or attitude about an issue, person, or group.

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prosocial behavior

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Behavior that benefits others.

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proximity

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Nearness or propinquity.

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racism

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Negative bias held toward members of other racial groups.

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reciprocity

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The principle that people tend to like others who like them back.

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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An expectation that helps bring about the outcome that is expected.

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self-serving bias

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The tendency to take credit for our accomplishments and to explain away our failures or disappointments.

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situational causes

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Causes relating to external or environmental events.

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social facilitation

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The tendency to work better or harder in the presence of others than when alone.

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social identity

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The part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups. Also called group identity.

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social loafing

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The tendency to expend less effort when working as a member of a group than when working alone.

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social norms

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Standards that define what is socially acceptable in a given situation.

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social perception

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The processes by which we form impressions, make judgments, and develop attitudes about the people and events that constitute our social world.

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social psychology

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The subfield in psychology that deals with how our thoughts, feelings, and behavior s are influenced by our social interactions with others.

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social schema

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A mental image or representation that we use to understand our social environment.

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social validation

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The tendency to use other people’s behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one’s own behavior.

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stereotype threat

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A sense of threat evoked in people from stereotyped groups when they believe they may be judged or treated stereotypically.

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stereotypes

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The tendency to characterize all members of a particular group as having certain characteristics in common.