Psyc1/chap11/personality

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anal stage

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In Freudian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents).

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anal-expulsive personality

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In Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by messiness, lack of self-discipline, and carelessness.

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anal-retentive personality

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In Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive needs for self-control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality.

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archetypes

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Jung’s term for the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings.

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basic anxiety

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In Horney’s theory, a deep-seated form of anxiety in children that is associated with feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world perceived as potentially threatening and hostile.

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basic hostility

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In Horney’s theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents.

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cardinal traits

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Allport’s term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual’s general personality.

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castration anxiety

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In Freudian theory, unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses.

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central traits

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Allport’s term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual’s behavior across situations.

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collective unconscious

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In Jung’s theory, a part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal images shared among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans.

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collectivistic culture

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A culture that emphasizes people’s social roles and obligations.

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conditional positive regard

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Valuing a person only when the person’s behavior meets certain expectations or standards.

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conscious

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To Freud, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness.

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creative self

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In Adler’s theory, the self-aware part of personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts.

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defense mechanisms

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In Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to pre vent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses.

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denial

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge.

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displacement

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse.

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drive for superiority

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Adler’s term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Also called the will-to-power.

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efficacy expectations

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Bandura’s term for the expectancies we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish.

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ego

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Freud’s term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id wit h social realities and expectations.

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Electra complex

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The term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the form of the Oedipus complex in young girls.

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erogenous zones

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Parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation.

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expectancies

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In social-cognitive theory, personal predict ions about the outcomes of behavior.

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five-factor model (FFM)

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The dominant contemporary trait model of personality, consisting of five broad personality factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

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fixations

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Constellations of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage.

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genital stage

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In Freudian theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation.

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id

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Freud’s term f or the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our baser animal drives and instinctual impulses.

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individual psychology

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Adler’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the unique potential of each individual.

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individualistic culture

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A culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments.

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inferiority complex

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In Adler’s theory, a concept involving the influence that feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children have on their developing personalities and desires to compensate.

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introversion-extraversion

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Tendencies toward being solitary and reserved on the one end or outgoing and sociable on the other end.

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latency stage

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In Freudian theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant.

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locus of control

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In Rotter’s theory, one’s general expectancies about whether one’s efforts can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements.

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neuroticism

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Tendencies toward emotional instability, anxiety, and worry.

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objective tests

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Tests of personality that can be scored objectively and that are based on a research foundation.

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Oedipus complex

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In Freudian theory, the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival.

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oral stage

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In Freudian theory, the first stage of psychosexual development, during which the infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting).

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outcome expectations

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Bandura’s term for our personal predictions about the outcomes of our behavior.

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penis envy

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In Freudian theory, jealousy of boys for having a penis.

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person variables

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Mischel’s term for internal personal factors that influence behavior, including competencies, expectancies, and subjective values.

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personal unconscious

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Jung’s term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of the individual’s repressed memories and impulses.

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personality

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The relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time.

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personality tests

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Structured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality.

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phallic stage

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In Freudian theory, the third stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus complex.

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phrenology

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The now-discredited view that one can judge a person’s character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on his or her head.

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pleasure principle

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In Freudian theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.

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preconscious

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To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention.

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projection

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the project ion of one’s own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person.

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projective tests

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Personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person’s unconscious needs, drives, and motives.

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psychoanalytic theory

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Freud’s theory of personality that holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts.

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psychoticism

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Tendencies to be perceived as cold and antisocial.

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rationalization

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away un acceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas.

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reaction formation

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one’s true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of Them.

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reality principle

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In Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs.

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reciprocal determinism

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Bandura’s model in which cognitions , behaviors, and environmental factors influence and are influenced by each other.

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regression

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress , reverts to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

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repression

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In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material.

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secondary traits

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Allport’s term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations.

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self-ideals

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Rogers’s term for the idealized sense of how or what we should be.

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self-report personality inventories

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Structured psychological tests in which individuals are given a limited range of response options to answer a set of questions about themselves.

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self-theory

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Rogers’s model of personality, which focuses on the importance of the self.

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situation variables

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Mischel’s term for environmental influences on behavior, such as rewards and punishments.

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social-cognitive theory

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A learning-based model of personality that emphasizes both cognitive factors and environmental influences in determining behavior.

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source traits

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Cattell ’s term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits.

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standard scores

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Scores that represent an individual’s relative deviation from the mean of the standardization sample.

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subjective value

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In social-cognitive theory, the importance individuals place on desired outcomes.

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sublimation

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In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests.

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superego

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Freud’s term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscience.

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surface traits

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Cattell’s term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior.

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traits

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Relatively enduring personal characteristics.

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unconditional positive regard

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Valuing another per son as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person’s behavior at the particular time.

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unconscious

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To Freud, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that holds troubling or unacceptable urges, impulses, memories, and ideas.