Psyc Final

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Knowledge that is independent of experience is called

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a priori

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Knowledge that is dependent on experience is called

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a posteriori

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The theorist, Wilhelm Wundt, used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. His theory is called

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Structuralism

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William James focused on how behavioral processes function - how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish through experience. His theory was called

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Functionalism

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The definition of Psychology, as presented in the text, is

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the science of behavior and mental process

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The psychological perspective that studies how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the ________ perspective

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Cognative

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The psychological perspective that studies how the body and brain enable emotions is the ________ perspective.

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neuroscience

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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems is called

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Applied research

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Pure science that aims to increase the knowledge base in called

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Basic Research

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The first step of the Scientific Method is

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Formulate a research question

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Given the information that as the outdoor temperature increases, the sales of icecream increases, one would state there is a _____ between the two statements

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Positive correlation

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Given the information that as the outdoor temperature decreases, the sales of coats increases, one would state there is a _______ between the two statements

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negative correlation

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The method of testing a hypothesis which is observing and recording in a systematic way that people do is called

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Scientific Observation

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The intensive study of one individual or situation to test the hypothesis is the

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Case Study

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The information collected from personal interview, or questionnaire as a method to test a hypothesis

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Survey

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A ________ is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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theory

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A specific prediction that is stated in such a way it can be tested and ethier confirmed or refuted is called a

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hypothesis

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A repetition of a scientific study using the same procedures on another group of participants to verify or refute the original studys conclution is called

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replication

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in the process of Dialectical Thought, the initial intellectual proposition or truth is called

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thesis

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The negation of the initial proposition, or an opposite truth, is called

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antithesis

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The resolution that solves the conflict by reconciling thier common truths, and forming a new proposition is called the

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synthesis

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In measures of Central Tendency, the most frequently occuring score in a distribution is called the

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mode

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In measures of Central Tendency, the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores called

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mean

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In measures of Central Tendency,the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it is called the

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median

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A chemical messenger in the brain is called a

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Neurotransmitter

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The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving neuron is called a

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synapse

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The brain and the spinal cord are the

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Central Nervous System

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The sensory and motor neurons that connect the brain and spinal column to the rest of the body is the

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Peripheral Nervous System

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A substance which acts as an ________ mimics a neurotransmitter

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Agonist

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A substance which acts as an _____________ blocks a neurotransmitter

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Antagonist

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The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy is the ____________ nervous system

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parasympathetic

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More intelligent animals have increased "uncommitted" or ___________ areas of the cortex

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Association

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What do males and females contribute to genes

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F: X
M: X and Y

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Monozygotic twins that originiate from one zygote are called

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Indentical twins

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Dizygotic twins that originate from two seperate zygotes are called

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Fraternal twins

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One's sense of being male or female is called

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Gender Identity

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The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviormental influences on behavior is called

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behavior Genetics

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The shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next are called

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culture

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The effect of one factor depends on another factor is called

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Interaction or Epigenisis

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style of parenting where limits and guidance providid but parents are willing to compromise is called

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Authoritative

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A style of parenting where parents demonstrate high standards and expectations with low nurturance is called

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Authoritarian

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A style of parenting where parents demonstrate little control but nurturing is called

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permissive

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Every nongenitic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us is called

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enviorment

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In psychology the characteristics whether biologically or socially influenced by which people define male and female is called

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Gender

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The developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month is called an

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embryo

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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is called

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fetus

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The fertilized egg from conception to 2 weeks is called

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Zygote

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Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm are called

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Teratogens

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____________ is the concept that describes people's ideas about thier own and others' mental states - about thier feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

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Theory of mind

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The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations is the ________ nervous system

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symapthetic

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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is called

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personallity

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The theorist that proposed that childhood sexuality and unconconcious motivations influence personality was

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Freud

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The theorist that proposed the importance of interaction with relationships; parental, educational, religious, ect in the development of personality was

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Erickson

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The processes by which children incorporate thier parents' values into thier developing superegos are called

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Identifications

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Lingering foci of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved are called

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fixations

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The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconciously distorting reality are

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Defense Mechanisms

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Slamming the door instead of hitting a person, yelling at your spouse after an arguement with your boss are examples of

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Displacement

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Placeing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else is called

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Projections

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Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way is called

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sublimation

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returning to a previousstage of development is known as

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regression

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forgetting sexualabuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety is an example of

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repression

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Conciously trying to forget something that causes you anxiety is called

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repression

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Freud compared the mind to an

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iceberg

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In psychoanalyitic theory, the _______ contains a reservoir of unconcious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, and operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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ID

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In psychoanalytic theory, the ________ provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

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superego

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In psychoanalytic theory, the __________ is the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality and mediates among the demands of the other psychic structures and reality

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Ego

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Freud's approach in describing the development of the personality is

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psychosexual

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Erickson's approach in describing the development of perosnality is

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cognitive

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An infant who is unresponsive to parent when present & unaffected when parent leaves is an example of

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Insecure Avoidant Attachment

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A child who cries when parents are gone and is comforted when parents returns is demonstrating

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secure attachment

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Infants whom seek closness with parent before parent leaves & shows anger responses when parents returns and are hard to comfort while being held are demonstrating

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Insecure Resistance Attachment

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The motivation to fulfills one's potential is called

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self actualization

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The personality trait, one of the big 5, which is measured by calm vs anxious, secure vs insecure, and self satisfied vs self pitying is

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Neuroticism

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The personality trait, one of the Big 5, which is measured by sociable vs retiring, fun loving vs sober, and affectionate vs reserved is

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Extraversion

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The personality trait, one of the Big 5, which is measured by imaginative vs practical, preference for variety vs preference for foutine, and independent vs conforming is

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Openness

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The interacting influences between personality and enviormental factors is called

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Reciprocal Deterinism

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The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate is called

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External Locus of control

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The perception that one controls one's own fate is

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Internal Locus Control

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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition is known as

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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When one acts to reduct the discomfort one feels when two of one's thoughts are inconsistent is known as

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Cognative Dissonance theory

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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard is

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Conformity

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This situation results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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Normative Social Influence

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The belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events is thier

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Attitude

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A set of expectations about a social position is called a

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role

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The loss of self awareness and self restraint in a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity is called

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Deindividuation

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A situation in which the conflicting parties, by which rationally pursuing thier self interest, become caught in mutally destructive behavior is

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Social Trap

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A situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses

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Social Dilemma

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The emotional componet of negative Social Relations is called

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Prejudice

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The cognative componet of negative Social Relations is called

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Sterotype

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The Behavioral componet of negative Social Relations is called

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Discrimination

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The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events is

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perception

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The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energy is

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Sensation

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Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information is called

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Bottom up Processing

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Information processing guided by higher-level mental process, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations, is called

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Top Down Processing

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The cells located in the retina of the eye that detect black, white and gray and work well in twilight or low light are called

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Rods

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The cells located in the retina of the eye that control fine detail and color vision, and work best in day light or well lit conditions are called

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Cones

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The sense of hearing is called

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Audition

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The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts in relation to the enviorment is called

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Kinesthesis

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The sense of body movement and position involving the sense of balance is called

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Vestibluar Sense

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The tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes is called

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Gestalt

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Our awareness of ourselves and our enviorments is called

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Consciousness

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A false sensory experience is called a

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hallucination

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The tendency to integrate peices of information into meaningful wholes is called

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Gestalt

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Ingestion of a drug, reguardless of how much or often is called

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Drug Use

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Using a drug in a quantity or a manner that harms physical, cognative, or psychosocial well being is called

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Drug Abuse

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When the absence of a drug creates a craving to satisfy a physiological or psychological need that is a sign of

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drug addiction

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Drugs that reduce neural activity such as alchol barbituarates, and opiates and slow body functions are called

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Depressants

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Drugs that excite neural activity such as caffeine nicotine amphethamines and cocaine and speed up the body finctions are called

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Stimulants

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Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absences of sensory input are called

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Hallucinogens

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Sigmund Freud described the remembered story line of a dream as

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Manifest Content

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Signmund Freud described the underlying meaning of a dream as

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Latent Content

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Which theory supports that organisms learn by associating two or more events or stimuli

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Classical Conditioning

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Which theory supports that organisms learn by a series of rewards & punishments

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Operant Conditioning

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Which theory supports that organisms learn by watching others and modeling thier behaviors

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Observational learning

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Which of the following describes the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli

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Discrimination

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Which of the following has occured when a conditioned response does not follow a conditioned stimulus

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Extinction

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Which of the following describes the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses

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Generalization

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If a parents goal was to increase the child's attention to homework, which of the following would the parent employ

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Positive reinforcement

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In a parents goal was to decrease the number of temper tantrums the child demonstrated, which of the following would the parent employ

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Negative Punishment

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A behavioral techinque for treating phobias in which the techniques is pairing an imagined feared object with relaxation is called

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Systematic desensitization

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A behavioral technique for treating phobias in which the technique is immersing someone in thier fear until it loses its power is called

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flooding

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The theory that proposes that any stimulus and response connected in time and or space will tend to be associated such as a baseball player wearing a certian pair of socks on the day he hits three home runs associated wearing the socks and hitting home runs is called

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Contiguity Theory

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The theory that involves the view that learning occurs when stimuli provides information about the likely hood of the occurrence of other stimuli such as a thunderstorm may product a tornado, is called

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Contingency

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The activated memory that holds a few items briefly is called

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Short Term Memory

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The immediate initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is called

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sensory Memory

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The relatively limitless warehouse of information is called

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Long Term Memory

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The process of getting information out of memory is called

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Retrieval

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The processing of information into the memory system is called

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Encoding

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The retention of information over time is called

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Storage

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Storage and use of knowledge of personally experienced events and autobiographocal information is known as

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Episodic Memory

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Storage and use of information underlying skilled persormance such as riding a bicycle is known as

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Procedural Memory

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General knowledge organized by content and the storage and use of knowledge of words and concepts thier properties and interrelartions in known as

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Senantic Memory

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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli is called

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Echoic Memory

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The statement that we remember situations better when we are tested in the same place that we learned them is representative of which type of recall situation

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Context Dependent

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Which of the following neurotransmitters or hormones influences sensation and perception

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Serotonin

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Which of the following neurotransmitter or hormones influences learning rates

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Acetylcholine

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Which of the following neurotransmitters or hormones influences sharpness of action

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Adrenaline