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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurofibrillary Tangles
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Twisted protein fibers that form with in certain brain cells as people age
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Stroke
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A cerebrovascular incident during which blood flow to certain areas of the brain is cut off, damaging those areas
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Multi-infarct Dementia
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Vascular Dementia
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Parkinson's Disease
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A slowly progressive neurological disease marked by tremors & rigidity that may also cause dementia
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Dementia
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+A syndrome marked by severe problems in memory & at least 1 other cognitive function.
+Associated symptoms: memory loss, personality changes +Associated with these organic disorders: Alzheimers & vascular dementia |
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Sleep Disorders Among Elderly
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+Insomnia is the most common
+Breathing related sleep disorders: sleep apnea |
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3 Common Health Problems in the Elderly
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Sleep disorders, Depression, Anxiety disorders
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Concerns with a woman who has BPD & Children
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People with BPD are prone to mood swings and often have angry outbursts. Physical or psychological harm of the children is a concern
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Depression in the Elderly
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+One of the most common mental health problems in older adults. 20% experience depression in old age
+Similarities to depression in young: same rates/percentages, same features (sadness, guilt, loss of appetite etc) +Differences: More likely to commit suicide, Increases risks of developing significant health problems |
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Big 5 Theory
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The basic structure of personality may consist of 5 factors: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness & conscientiousness
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ODD
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder: The child argues repeatedly with adults, loses their temper, swears, & feels intense anger/resentment
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Enuresis
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A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed wetting or wetting one's clothes after age 5
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Encorpresis
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Repeated defacation in inappropriate places, such as in clothes, after age 5
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PDD
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Pervasive Developmental Disorders:impaired social interactions, unusual communications & inappropriate responses to stimuli.
+Autism, Asperger's disorder, retts etc |
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Autism
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Extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, & highly repetitive & rigid behavior
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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
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A severe potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs marked by muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, & autonomic dysfunction
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Asperger's Disorder
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A pervasive mental disorder in which individuals display profound social impairment, yet maintain a relatively high level of cognitive functioning & language skills
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Behavior Therapy for PDD
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+Modeling: Demonstrate desired behavior and guide child to initiate it.
+Operant Conditioning: break down behavior step by step and reward it clearly & consistently |
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Communication Training for PDD
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Sign Language or simultaneous communications (signing & speech), communication boards, picture symbols, child initiated interactions (encourages child to initiate questions and express needs)
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Parent Management Training
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Parents are taught more effective ways to deal with their child. Parents & children meet together in behavior oriented family therapy. Target behaviors to change, parents taught 2 better identify problem behaviors, stop rewarding unwanted behaviors & reward proper behaviors
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Methylphenidate
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+Ritalin: a stimulant commonly used to treat ADHD
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Down Syndrome
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A form of mental retardation related to an abnormality in the 21st chromosome
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Mental Retardation
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A disorder in which people display general intellectual functioning & adaptive behavior that are well below average. IQ 70 or below
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Mild Retardation
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IQ 50-70: Can benefit from schooling & sometimes support themselves as adults. Typical language social and play skills but need assistance under stress. Their jobs tend to be unskilled or semiskilled
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Moderate Retardation
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IQ 35-49: Clear deficits in language developments & play noticeable in preschool.
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Severe Retardation
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IQ 20-34: basic motor & communication deficits in infancy. Require careful supervision, can perform only basic work tasks in structured settings.
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Profound Retardation
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IQ below 20: noticeable at birth or early infancy. Need structured environment with close supervision & considerable help. Often accompanied by severe physical handicaps
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IQ
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A general score derived from an intelligence test that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity
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ADHD
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Inability to focus attention and/or impulsive behavior
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Causes of ADHD
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+Biological: abnormal activity of dopamine & abnormal brain structures in the frontal striatal regions.
+High levels of stress and family dysfunctioning |
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Social Issues with ADHD
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Our society views learning and behavior symptoms of ADHD as medical problems when seen in white children but as signs of poor parenting, substance abuse, etc in colored children
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Rate of ADHD in childhood & adulthood
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+5% or school children, 90% are boys
+35-60% continue to have ADHD as adults, but the restlessness & overactivity isn't as extreme +many children's symptoms decrease as they move into adolescence & are gone by adulthood |
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Treatments for ADHD
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+Meds: Ritalin increases ability to solve problems, perform academically, & control aggression
+Behavioral Therapy: use operant conditioning- reward attentiveness & self control |
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Conduct Disorder
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+Child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others, displaying aggression & sometimes destroying other's property.
+Many will steal from, threaten, or harm their victims, commit crimes like forgery, shoplifting, mugging etc - delinquency |
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Gender differences and rates of conduct disorder
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+10% of children qualify, 3/4 are boys
+Behaviors like slandering, spreading rumors, manipulating friendships are more common in girls |
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Interventions 4 Conduct Disorder
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Family interventions: Parent-child interaction therapy- teaches parents to work with child positively, set limits, act consistently & be fair. The child is taught better social skills
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Oliver Sacks
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Neurologist who treated neurological disorders with techniques from meds to the music of the Grateful Dead (tried to promote memory recall)
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Prefrontal Lobes
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Regions in the brain that play a key role in short term memory
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Geropsychology
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The field of psychology concerned with the mental health of elderly people
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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General pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights. They often lie repeatedly, are impulsive, irritable, aggressive & reckless
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NAMI Motto
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You are not alone
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Personality Disorder
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A maladaptive pattern of behavior that is inflexible & pervasive across contexts, leads to distress or impairment, stable & long duration
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Cluster A: "Odd" Personality Disorders
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Display odd or eccentric behaviors similar to but not as extensive as schizophrenia
+Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder |
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Cluster B: "Dramatic" Personality Disorders
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Behaviors that are so dramatic, emotional or erratic that its almost impossible for them to have relationships
+Antisocial, borderline |
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Cluster C: "Anxious" Personality Disorders
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Patterns of anxious and fearful behavior
+Avoidant, dependent, & obsessive-compulsive personality disorders |
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self image & mood; extremely impulsive behavior
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Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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+Consistent patter of perfectionism across contexts
+The individual is so focused on orderliness, perfection, & control that they lose flexibility, openness, & efficiency |
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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A pattern of clinging & obedience, fear of separation, & a persistent, excessive need to be taken care of.
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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A person consistently avoids social relationships & shows little emotional expression
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3 ways a therapist should behave while interviewing a person w/ borderline personality disorder
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+The therapist should be understanding, empathetic, & nonjudgmental of the patients feelings & emotions
+Can't get upset or angry at patient's outbursts or "relapses" +Make it clear that therapy will eventually end and that their relationship isn't permanent |
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3 Goals of Nami
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+Support: They provide support groups for both people suffering from mental illness & for family members
+Education: family ed programs, peer 2 peer class, provider education +Advocacy: advocate for better services for mentally ill & their families |
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy
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Therapists try to help clients increase their ability to tolerate stress, learn new social skills, & respond more effectively to life situations. Empathize with clients about their emotional turmoil & help them find alternative ways for their needs to be met
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Important aspects of therapists/doctors/mental health workers for the NAMI speakers
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+Really important for therapists to be understanding of their illness & situation and to show that they really care.
+Open minded & nonjudgemental therapists were helpful +Education about the illness for both the patient and family |
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E. Fuller Torrey
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A psychiatrist, schizophrenia researcher, & advocate for people w/ mental disorders who pushed for improvements in systems of care & meds. Advocates against institutions
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Differences between sexual dysfunctions & paraphilias
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People with sexual dysfunctions have difficulty with some aspect of normal sex cycle, paraphilias don't respond to appropriate stimuli
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Senile Plaques
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Sphere shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain blood vessels as people age
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Vascular Dementia
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Dementia caused by a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, that restricts blood flow to certain areas of the brain
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Alzheimer's Disease
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+The most common form of dementia, usually occurring after 65
+4 Characteristic Symptoms: Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, disturbance in executive functioning +Life expectancy: 8-10 years |
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Interventions for Alzheimer's
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+Catch it early, do brain scans to identify people that might develop dementia
+Drugs that affect the neurotransmitters that play a role in memory |
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Gender differences & age changes with GID
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+Men outnumber women 2:1
+Sometimes emerges in children - they feel uncomfortable with their assigned sex - usually disappears by adolescence or adulthood but sometimes develop adult GID. +Some adults w/ GID don't display symptoms until mid-adulthood |
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Theories of Brain Abnormalities Associated w/ GID
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+Autopsied brains of 6 individuals who changed sex from male 2 female were found to have a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus called BST half the size of men in the control group. Their BST was the size of women's. BST may be involved in regulating sexual behavior.
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Why are some theorists opposed to GID being a category of disorder
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They argue its more of a social stigma than a disorder
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Transsexualism
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GID
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Masters & Johnson
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+Created an explanation for erectile disorder: Spectator role & performance anxiety.
+Once a man begins to have erectile problems he becomes fearful of being unable to perform the next time. Instead of relaxing & enjoying he distances himself and focuses on erection. Vicious cycle |
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4 Components of Sex Therapy
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+Assessment & Conceptualization of the problem: medical exam & interview about sex history
+Mutual Responsibility: both partners in the relationship share the sexual problem +Elimination of performance anxiety & spectator role: sensate focus +Increase sexual & general communication skills |
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Tease Techniques
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During sensate focus exercises, the partner keeps caressing the man until he gets an erection the stops caressing him. This reduces the pressure to perform
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Directed Masturbation Training
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A sex therapy approach that teaches women with female arousal or orgasmic disorders how to masturbate effectively and eventually reach orgasm during sexual interactions.
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Formal Thought Disorders
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People with schiz may not be able to think logically & may speak in peculiar ways. Often these thought disorders take the form of positive symptoms like loose associations, neologisms, preservation & clang
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Genetic Component of Schiz
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Studies show high concordance rates for identical twins. 48% if identical twin has schiz, 46% if both parents have it. Adoption studies confirm these finds
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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The theory that schiz results from excessive activity of dopamine. Evidence: Patient's with Parkinson's disease who take meds 2 increase dopamine can get schiz like symptoms. Also drugs that increase dopamine in the brain like amphetamines can result in schiz like symptoms.
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Brain Abnormalities in Schiz
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Many people with schiz have enlarged ventricles, smaller temporal lobes & less cortical grey matter
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Viral/Gestational Roots of Schiz
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Exposure to toxins & poor nutrition in utero interrupts proper brain development. The virus either immediately effects brain development or stays dormant in the body until it's activated by the change of hormones in puberty
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Receptor Blockade
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+Typical mechanism of neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs
+drugs bind to post-synaptic receptors & blocks or impedes neurotransmitters from binding to them +help alleviate positive schiz symptoms. They usually target D2 & D4 receptros, areas linked to sensory perceptions, memory, movement, attention, emotions. |
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What areas do antipsychotic meds affect?
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Basal ganglia & substantia nigra which coordinate posture & movement
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Extrapyramidal Side Effects
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Unwanted movements such as severe shaking, bizarre looking twists of the face/body & extreme restlessness- sometimes caused by traditional antipsychotic drugs
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Therapeutic effects not achieved by antipsychotics
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+They don't necessarily gain an understanding of their illness so they may stop taking their meds because they don't understand how they work or don't think they need them
+They don't learn life skills |
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Schizophrenia
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1. At least 2 of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms.
2. Functioning markedly below level prior to onset 3. Continuous signs of the disturbance for 6+ months at least 1 month of which includes symptoms in full & active form |
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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Central symptoms: confusion, incoherence & inappropriate affect. Unable to take care of themselves, maintain social relationships or hold a job.
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Central feature is a psychomotor disturbance of some sort. Some spend their time in a catatonic stupor, other in the throes of catatonic excitement
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Have an organized system of delusions & auditory hallucinations that may guide their lives
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Negative Symptoms
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Symptoms of schiz that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors
+poverty of speech, blunted/flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal |
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Positive Symptoms
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Symptoms of schiz that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions or behavior
+delusions, disorganized thinking/speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations |
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Avolition
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The inability to start or complete actions
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Catatonia
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An extreme psychomotor symptom found in some forms of schiz
+Catatonic stupor, catatonic rigidity, catatonic posturing, catatonic excitement |
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Psychosis
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A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways
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Derailment
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+Loose Associations
+Most common formal thought disorder, rapidly shifting from 1 topic to another believing that their incoherent statements make sense |
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Paranoia
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An unrealistic fear based on inaccurate interpretation of world stimuli
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Clozapine
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A Commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic drug
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Phenothiazine
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A group of antihistamine drugs that became the 1st group of effective antipsychotic meds
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Atypical Antipsychotics
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A new group of anti-psychotic drugs that operate differently than traditional antipsychotic drugs. Bind not only to D2, but also D1 and receptors for serotonin.
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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+An extrapyramidal effect of taking conventional antipsychotic drugs over an extended period of time
+Dopamine receptor sites react to being blocked by creating more receptor sites & increasing sensitivity. With heightened sensitivity, dopamine sensitive motor areas can have tardive dyskinegia: repetative movement, difficulty controlling fine motor movements. |