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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning |
"Process" process of acquiring new information or behaviors |
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Storage |
"Process" process of memory that is retention of encoded information over time |
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Retrieval |
"Process" process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Memory |
"Persistence" persistence of learning over time recall, recognition, relearning |
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Encoding |
"Processing" processing of information into memory system "Process" process of memory extracting meaning of new information |
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Sensory Memory |
"Type of Memory" - recording of sensory info/memory system - recall visual info, exposed to less than duration of a lightning flash - photographic or picture image memory - take form of echoic memory |
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Short-Term Memory |
"Type of Memory" - activated memory that holds few items briefly - seven digits, phone number while dialing, then forget it - known as working memory |
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Long-Term Memory |
"Type of Memory" - permanent and limitless storehouse - knowledge, skills, and experiences |
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Explicit Memory |
"Type of Memory" - memory of facts and experiences - known as declarative memory - processed through conscious effortful processing - memories that require conscious recall |
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Implicit Memory |
"Type of Memory" - retention of independent of conscious recollection - known as nondeclarative memory - happens without our conscious awareness - includes memories that do not require conscious recall, motor skills, cognitive skills |
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Chunking |
"Organizing of items" - 4 second glance at a basketball play, recall all the positions of the players |
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Mnemonic |
- peg-word system: list of items in order - rhymes with the position number |
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Levels of Processing |
- deeper level |
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Hippocampus |
"explicit memories" - "save" button - damage: disrupts recall of new explicit memories |
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Flashbulb Memory |
"Type of Memory" - Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event - increased confidence in their accuracy of what happened |
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Context-Dependent Memory |
"tendency" - easily recall experiences when the context of retrieval matches the context - accounts for the scuba divers |
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State-Dependent Memory |
"tendency"
- more easily recall experiences in the same state - who drank alcohol at both study and test - our mood states provide an example of this |
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Serial Position Effect |
"tendency" - recall best the last and first item in a list - "we" tend - "we" were |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
"inability" -to form new memories |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
"inability" - retrieve information from ones past |
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Proactive Interference |
"disruption" - of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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Retroactive Interference |
``disruption``` - of new learning on the recall of old information |
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Misinformation Effect |
- incorporation of misleading information into one`s memory of an event |
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Source Amnesia |
- attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
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Classical Conditioning |
``Type of Learning`` |
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Unconditioned Response |
``classical conditioning`` - an unlearned, naturally occurring response - be the salivation that the dogs showed when pavlov put food in their mouths |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
``classical conditioning`` - stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response - be the food that pavlov put in the mouths of his dogs that made them salivate |
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Conditioned Response |
``classical conditioning`` - a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus - be the salivation that the dogs showed when pavlov sounded a tone |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
``classical conditioning`` - orignally irrelevant stimulus that, association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response - be the tone that pavlov sounded and that made his dogs salivate |
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Higher-Order Conditioning |
``type of classical conditioning`` - procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus - occurring if an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food then learns that a light predicts the tone and begins responding |
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Extinction |
`diminishing of a conditioned response` - in classical conditioning, occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus - in operant conditioning, occurs when a response is no longer reinforced - when the dogs stopped salivating to the tone |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
``reappearance`` - after a pause - several hours after pavlov`s dogs stopped salivating to the tone |
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Generalization |
``tendency`` - for stimuli - occurring when a dog conditioned to the sound of one tone also responded |
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Discrimination |
``in classical conditioning`` - learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli - occurring when pavlov`s dogs learned to respond to the sound of a particular tone and not to other tones |
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Operant Conditioning |
``Type of Learning`` - behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer - organisms associate their own actions with consequences - involves operant behavior - explains pigeon |
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Reinforcement |
"operant conditioning" - event that increases the behavior it follows |
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Shaping |
"operant conditioning" - procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Positive Reinforcement |
"increasing of behaviors"
- presenting stimuli - occurs any time a stimulus when presented after a response |
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Negative Reinforcement |
"increasing of behaviors"
- stopping or reducing stimuli - occurs any time a stimulus, when removed after a response |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
"reinforcing" "type of reinforcement" - desired response every time it occurs - schedule that results in faster acquisition |
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Partial Reinforcement |
"reinforcing" "type of reinforcement"
- response only part of the time - results in slower acquisition |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
"operant conditioning" - reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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Variable-Ratio Schedule |
"operant conditioning"
- reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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Fixed-Interval Schedule |
"operant conditioning"
- reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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Variable-Interval Schedule |
"operant conditioning" - reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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Punishment |
"operant conditioning"
- event that decreases the behavior it follows |
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Positive Punishment |
- drecreasing of behaviors by presenting stimuli
- occurs any time a stimulus, when presented after a response, weakens the response |
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Negative Punishment |
- a decreasing of behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli - occurs any time a stimulus, when removed after a response, weakens the response |
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Taste Aversion |
- the avoiding of particular flavors if they are followed, even several hours after, by sickness
- predisposed to learn associations that enhance their survival |
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Cognitive Map |
- mental representation of the layout - mental representation |
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Latent Learning |
"learning"
- occurs but is not apparent - occurs with experience |
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Observational Learning |
"learning"
- by observing - occur without directly experiencing |
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Cognition |
"mental activities" - thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating - includes the formation of concepts |
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Prototype |
"mental image" - allows |
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Algorithm |
"methodical" - type of problem-solving - slower but also less error-prone |
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Heuristic |
-simple thinking strategy - "type of problem-solving" - faster, more error prone |
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Insight |
- sudden realization - occurs when the pieces of a problem suddenly fall together - type of solutions to word problems - joy of a joke |
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Confirmation Bias |
- tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions - Saddam Hussein |
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Mental Set |
- tendency to approach a problem in one particular way - example of fixation |
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Intuition |
effortless |
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Availability Heuristic |
- "estimation of the likelihood of events - "type of heuristic" |
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Overconfidence |
"tendency" - to be more confident - overestimate the accuracy |
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Belief Perseverance |
- clinging - fuels social conflict |
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Framing |
- "the way" - an issue is posed - problem is interpreted - describes the patients and physicians |
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Language |
- "spoken" - human infants - most psychologists agree |
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Phoneme |
- in a language, smallest distinctive sound unit - "ch, a and t" - identified 869 different ones |
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Morpheme |
- in a language, smallest distinctive unit that carries meaning
- combines two or more phonemes - english language has more than 100,000 of these |
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Grammar |
- in a language - system of rules - rules that guide us - determines how the morphemes found in english |
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Babbling Stage |
- first stage of speech |
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One-Word Stage |
- stage of speech development
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Two-Word Stage |
- stage of speech development |
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Critical Period |
- time of childhood represent this - accounts for the fact that people who learn a second language after childhood - type of window |
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Broca's Area |
"brain area" - of the frontal lobe - damage = struggle to speak, familiar songs |
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Wernicke's Area |
"brain area" - temporal lobe - damage = would speak meaningless words |
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Linguistic Determinism |
- whorf's hypothesis - theory |
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Imaginal Thought |
- type of thought |
