Psyc Final

Front 1

Who created the first medical ethics thing and when?

Back 1

Hippocrates 400BCE

Front 2

What was the first ethics thing comprised of?

Back 2

1) Medical Practice and ethics
2) Physicians should abstain from what it is harmful or mischievous
3) It deals exclusively with human subjects
4) It never mentions consent

Front 3

The second changes to ethics principles occurred when and was created by whom?

Back 3

1800s, Percival

Front 4

What happened in Newgate prison?

Back 4

Pardons were issued for inoculations but most of the experiments were lethal

Front 5

What did Jenner do?

Back 5

He injected children with smallpox

Front 6

Beaumont introduced what concept?

Back 6

Voluntary consent

Front 7

What led to the Prussian debate?

Back 7

The Reich Health Council (75 children died in experiments even though a vaccination had already been made)

Front 8

What did the Prussian directive lead to?

Back 8

Informed consent, those who could not consent were defined, education was more clearly defined and yet no talk of consequences

Front 9

What was the declaration of Helsinki?

Back 9

It was an ethic committee in 1964 that was the first to mention animal experimentation

Front 10

Belemont report: when? What did the human component entail?

Back 10

1979. It involved respect for human beings, freedom to make choices without consequences, Use of deception was acceptable and the permissible level of deception depends on the research question, benefits have to out weigh risks, confidentiality, justice in selection of subjects and sharing of harm and benefits, exclusion without cause is unethical

Front 11

The liberatarian view suggests that

Back 11

Research on animals is always okay

Front 12

The animal rights and liberation view suggests that

Back 12

Research on animals is never okay

Front 13

The three rs are:

Back 13

reduction, refinement and replacement

Front 14

Nuremberg's 10 main principles included:

Back 14

1) Informed consent free from coercion, deceit, and with enough information about ill effects
2) Results should be for the good of society and not be obtainable through other means
3) The anticipated results should justify the experiment
4) Avoidance of unnecessary suffering
5) No experiment where there is a good chance of death of disabling injury
6) Benefit should outweigh risk
7) Prevention of even remote possibilities of injury or death
8) Only qualified personnel should conduct the experiment
9) Right to quit
10) If the scientist believes that injury or disability or death might result they must terminate the study

Front 15

The most important addition to the Helsinki declaration included:

Back 15

1) Clearly formulated experimental protocal and approval by an ethic review committee
2) Medical research is only justified when the populations in which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research
3) Privacy
4) A legally authorized representative has to provide consent for individuals deemed incapable of giving consent
5) The only reason that research should even be done on those that are not able to give consent on there own is if the disability or age is a necessary component for the research and it has to directly benefit them

Front 16

Descartes believed

Back 16

Nonhuman animals have no souls and cannot suffer so any kind of experiment is justified

Front 17

Utilitarianism supposes that

Back 17

Benefits to humans are more important than unhappiness of nonhuman animals created by experimentation

Front 18

Arguments against nonhuman animal research include:

Back 18

1) No benefit: Animal experiments can mislead doctors and the public and have no relation to diseases affecting humans.
2) Lack of necessity: Computer models or human DNA can be substituted in the place of animals
3) Animal rights
4) Animal liberation: By freeing nonhuman animals we will save ourselves

Front 19

Animal welfare involves

Back 19

reduction, refinement and replacement

Front 20

Behavioural revolution occurred _________ and involved ____________ and might have been related to _____________:

Back 20

50,000 - 100,000 years ago and involved the dramatic emergence of art, jewellery and a sophisticated tool kit. Was it linked to language?

Front 21

Noam Chomsky held what position:

Back 21

Nativist linguist. It comes from within and reflects thought

Front 22

BF Skinner held what position

Back 22

Language comes from outside and affects what and how we think

Front 23

Chomsky supported his position by positing:

Back 23

1) It's a human universal. It's a universal mode of communication and follows a specific sequence and all languages are equal
2) It's too complex to learn. It is arbitrary symbols and involves an infinite use of finite building blocks
3) Language models are impoverished: Normal learning process = insufficient
4) Language specializations in the brain (Broca's area - production and Werinicke's area - comprehension)

Front 24

Skinner contrasted by saying that

Back 24

1) Not all universals are related to biology and languages aren't all equal or equally complex nor are all speakers equally competent
2) Lots of things are complex and learned. Statistical learning of language structure and phrase boundaries. Semantic meaning gathered from context.
3) Language models are not impoverished as simplified parental speech can aid learning
4) Language deficits are not as clear or precise as proposed

Front 25

Why is language seen as central to human nature?

Back 25

It is what sets humans apart from animals, it is central to human psychology

Front 26

What does primate phylogeny tell us about language:

Back 26

We are very related to primates and share many traits and this all relates to our shared heritage. Language is one of the ways that we have diverged from primates and studying how that occurred could be quite useful

Front 27

Although language is a distinctive feature of humans, ________ demonstrates ____________

Back 27

Bipedalism, it's not attributed to culture

Front 28

Descartes argued that (in relation to language)

Back 28

That some animal and human behavior despite appearance of complexity could be accounted for by a simple system of mechanical reflexes

Front 29

Cartesian mind/body dualims =

Back 29

The mind is separate from the body that is imperfect and the functions are fallible. Descartes famous refrain "Cogito, ergo sum" or I think therefore I am

Front 30

Walking and talking are given two different explanations because

Back 30

we are trying to distinguish ourselves from beast and language is related to the mind

Front 31

Another explanation for why language can be linked to evolution:

Back 31

It can be clumsy (for explanation in relation to love) but evolution designed specific things to solve specific adaptive problems

Front 32

Examples of how nonhuman primates communicate with lanage:

Back 32

Evidence that primates produce vocalizations that symbolically refer to objects and environments.

Front 33

Significant difference between human and nonhuman language:

Back 33

Intent

Front 34

What is the classical understanding of categorization:

Back 34

A dog is a dog because it has characteristics true of all dogs (rule based)

Front 35

What is the prototype understanding of categorization:

Back 35

A dog is a dog because it is more like an ideal dog than anything else. It is also called the probabilistic view

Front 36

What is the exemplar conception of categorization:

Back 36

Instance based, based on what you have seen before

Front 37

Using the exemplar based system of classification involves

Back 37

That it is natural and not an arbitrary special case
It's not because they can't be bothered
it's sensible as there are few negative matches is real life

Front 38

The use of artificial materials to test categorization was useful as

Back 38

You have higher control over dimensions of variation, similarity, and over previous exposure. You build some characteristics of the situation you are trying to model with individuating features and a background

Front 39

Whittlsea did what test when?

Back 39

Fekig word association test in 1987

Front 40

Dermatoligists were found to typically use

Back 40

Exampler based methods of classification

Front 41

Fundamental attribution bias or error =

Back 41

Relates to attributing actions to different causes based on biases such as if a professor is called warm you rate his talk more positively than if you are told he is cold

Front 42

Actor / Observer effect

Back 42

The differences in your biases towards other people and towards yourself for the same behavior

Front 43

What is the self serving attributional bias

Back 43

When bad things happen we tend to attribute them to external situational factors and when good things happen we tend to associate them with inate positive attributes

Front 44

Hindsight bias is:

Back 44

You hear about how something is a certain way and respond with something like "I saw it coming"

Front 45

Perseverance bias:

Back 45

How tightly we hold on to first impressions even if they are proven incorrect

Front 46

St Augustine identified three aspects of memory:

Back 46

1) Multifaceted and not unitary
2) The repository for your own past and identity
3) The most important biological force in human existence

Front 47

Three learning and memory systems

Back 47

1) Habit -> Dorsal Striatum
2) Emotion -> Amygdala
3) Episodic -> Hippocampus

Front 48

Memory systems serve to

Back 48

Acquire information simultaneously in parallel and are always on line
Have access to similar information but they are specifically designed to respond to different relationships among elements of a learning system
Processing style is determined by the input and output relations to the rest of the brain
Process information independently but work cooperatively

Front 49

Dorsal striatum is involved in

Back 49

Repetitive or habit based learning

Front 50

Changes in the relationships between systems leads to

Back 50

Abnormal behavior and problems such as schizophrenia or anxiety or depression

Front 51

Possible neural changes that could mediate addictive behaviors:

Back 51

Enhanced control by specific memory / behavioural systems and ease of input / output. Alterations in brain organization GDE factors can lead to bigger reward signals. Reduction of prefrontal inhibitory control

Front 52

Culture is defined as:

Back 52

Being constituted by the ideas and practices shared by a group of people, which allow them to live together and satisfy their needs

Front 53

Money is useless unless

Back 53

A culture has deemed it worthwhile

Front 54

The relationship of tools to thought:

Back 54

Tools change the entire structure of our thought processes