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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General Adaption Syndrom
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According to Hans Selye, a series of psychological reactions to stress occurring in tree phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Stress and the Body |
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HPA axis (hypothalmus-pituary adrenal cortex)
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A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalmus sends chemical messegesto the pitiuary, which then prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.
Stress and the Body |
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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The study of the relationship between psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system
Stress and the Body |
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Locus and Control
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A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
People who have internal locus tend to believe that they are responsible to what happens to them People who have external locus tend to believe that their lives are controlled by luck, fate and other people. Stress and the Mind |
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Primary Control
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An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a "fighting back" philosophy.
If you are in a bad situation you change it, fix it, or fight it. Culture and Control |
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Secondary Control
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An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions; a "learn to live with it" philosophy
If you have a problem you live with it or act in spite of it Culture and Control |
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Emotion- focused coping
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Concentrates on the emotions the problem has caused. weather anger, anxiety, or grief.
Coping with stress |
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Problem- focused coping
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Depends on the nature of the problem. whether is is a pressing but one-time decision; a continuing difficulty such as living with a disability, having an operation (anticipated event)
Coping with stress |
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Norms
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Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit culture conventions
Roles and Rules |
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Role
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A given social position that is governed by a set of norms and proper behavior
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Culture
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A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of people in a community or a society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community
Roles and Rules |
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Entrapment
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A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
Why People Obey |
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Social Cognition
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An area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thoughts, memory, perceptions, and belief.
Social Influences On Beliefs and Behavior |
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Attribution Theory
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The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people's behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition
situational attribution: "Joe stole the money because his family is starving" dispotitional attribution: "Joe stole the money because he was born a thief" Social Influences On Beliefs and Behavior |
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Fundamental Attribution error
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The tendency, in explaining other peoples behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.
"she's self involved and clueless" (distributional)--may lead to---- (fundamental attribution error, ignoring influence of situation on behavior and emphasizing personality traits alone. Social Influences On Beliefs and Behavior |
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Just-world hypothesis
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The idea that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people rewarded.
Social Influence on Belief and Behavior |
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Cognitive dissonance
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A state of tension in which a person that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognition's that are psychologically inconsistent or when a persons belief is incongruent with his or her behavior
If a celebrity you admire does something stupid or illegal, you can restore consistency either by lowering your opinion of the person or by deciding that the persons behavior wasn't so bad after all Attitudes |
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Familiarity effect
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The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it
Attitudes |
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Validity effect
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The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
Attitudes |
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Groupthink
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The tendancy for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement.
Groupthink |
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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In groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will.
The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds |
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Deindividuation
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In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one owns individuality
The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds |
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Social Identity
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The part of a persons self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation.
Us Versus Them: Group Identity |
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Ethnic Identity
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A person's identification with a racial or ethnic group
Us Versus Them: Group Identity |
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Acculturation
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The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture
Us Versus Them: Group Identity |
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Ethnocentrism
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The belief that ones own's ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
Us Versus Them: Group Identity |
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Stereotype
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A summery impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits
Us Versus Them: Group Identity |
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Prejudice
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A strong or unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a negative stereotype.
Group Conflict and Prejudice |
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Unrealistic Optimism
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think we are more likely to have good things happen to us
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Unrealistically positive views on self
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think you are above average
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Illutions of control
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Tend to think we control things in our environment much more than we do
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Problem-focused coping
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attempts to modify, reduce, or eliminate the source of stress. (avoid the stress and get yourself out of the situation
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Emotion-focused coping
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attempts to alter the emotional response to the stressor (ways to deal with it, do not let it get to you
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conformity
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subject in a group were asked to match the lengths of lines....subject went with wrong answer
private conformity: power of numbers public conformity: everyone is doing it |
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Attribution theory
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A set of theories that describes how people explain the causes of behavior
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Social Loafing
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People tend to exert less effort in a group task where everyones performance is pooled
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Alturism
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Helping behavior that is motivated primarily by a desire to benefit others, not oneself
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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
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The theory that an empathic response to a person in need produces
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