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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PA injuries |
understand how psychological and other variables influence the likelihood of injury in a physical activity
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injury facts |
approx. 25 million are treated for exercise/sports-related injuries per yr in the US -exercise/sports injuries account for 10000 ER visits -injuries w/sports cost 9 billion $$ due to rehabilitation costs, lost work, etc.
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injury |
trauma to the body that results in at least temporary reduction in or impairment of PA and/or daily activities
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injury, discomfort, and pain |
exercise=discomfort- acute fatigue, muscle exhaustion, burning after intense workout, mL pains with repetitive workout
injury differ from discomfort in terms of magnitude
**not all injuries result in immediate pain, immediate pain is almost associated w/ injury** |
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actue vs. chronic injuries |
acute-- injury from a single exercise event-- gone break few to fall, sprained
chronic-- injury results from repeated bouts of exercise--strained muscles/ligaments due to chronic training, joint pain |
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how do we quantify exercise injuries? |
medical records athletic statistics military records self-report questionnaires |
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medical records-pros/cons |
hospital, DR., ER stats on #s of injuries
pros: easy to obtain for leg #s, inexpensive
cons: not everyone who is injured goes to the hospital, certain types of injury are not recorded |
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athletic stats |
data obtained from HS, colleges, professional athletes/departments
pros: easy to obtain leg #s, inexpensive cons: athletes hide injuries to avoid losing time, athlete injuries least representative of regular americans |
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military records |
armed forces records #/types of injuries, days of training, etc. pros: easy, inexpensive, new military results may be more representative of americans vs. athletes cons: not every military personnel who is injured goes to the hospital, certain types of injury not recorded |
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self report questionnaires |
given to regular people about # & severity of injuries, days lost to injury
pros: most representative of americans cons: have to be collected, subject to recall bias |
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factors influencing exercise injury |
demographic- personal variables associate w/greater, lower injury likelihood physical-issues pertaining to the type and amount of activity environmental- the conditions under which the exercise is done psychological- psychosocial variables that influence prosperity to injury |
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demographic factors--PA levels |
people who are more active are more likely to experience an activity related injury
-relationship b/n volume of activity and injury risk depends on the activity; people who run more per week= more likely to injury vs. people who walk -more fit ppl= experience activity related injury in self chosen activities |
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demographic factors--gender |
more account for larger absolute numbers of injuries -women who are forced to exercise= greater rate of injury -women choose to engage in certain levels of PA to sustain injury--greater injury rates than men,higher incidences |
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demographic factors--age |
older ppl report fewer injuries than young in SELF CHOSEN activities
-when forced to exercise as in military training, older ppl more susceptible to injury than young |
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physical factors leading to exercise injury |
exercise variables type of activity use/misuse of protective equipment inexperience fatigue |
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type of activity/injury |
runners/sports pp; are about 50-100% more likely to be injured than walkers
-cycling associated with risk of injury/death than walk/driving
-exercise is still better 10-20 than not at all |
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what are some environmental factors that might cause exercise injury? |
Running in heat Greater altitude Running in icy conditions
Temperature extremes– too hot or too cold, cold wether can predispose to injuiry—there are 1.4-2 fold more basi ctraining injuries in summer than in fall in the military and marathon injuired show a u-shaped relationships with temperature
Inclement weather– high wind, rain, snow Beighboorhood lighitng Uneven terrain |
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injury key point: |
all injuries are psychological in the sense that how much, how, when , and where are active are all under our own control, and primarily reflect our judgment and cognitive/emotional appraisal of the injury task |
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3 psychological variables & exercise injury |
stress personality variables risk-taking behavior |
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stress & exercise injury |
athletes w/stress =more injuries and more days of injury than athletes with low stress
-athletes w/ low coping/perception skills more likely to be injured when stressed -intervention experiments= teach stress/coping management |
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injury key point #2 |
athletic competition can be a form of stress and increases the likelihood of injury |
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injury rates in practice vs. competition |
injury rates are 2-5 times greater in games -athletes try harder in competition vs. practice -injury rates higher in regular/post season vs. preseason |
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how does stress increase the likelihood of exercise injury? |
Decreased attentional focus– stress narrows attentional focus, which may cause an exerciser to miss a dangerous event or consequence
Increased muscle tension– stress increases muscle tension, which can lead to increase muscle strain, reduced flexibility altered motor coordination, etc. |
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personality variables & exercise injry |
worry- ballerinas-- experiencing stress more likely to become injured
self esteem-athletes low in this had increased injury time-loss when both (-)life change/total life change |
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personality variables; |
have little direct association w/ injury -moderate the effects of stress-- if a person is high in worry (low self esteem), the relationship b/n stress & injury was greater, but if stress isn't present, worry/self esteem= not predictors of injury |
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risk taking traits/injury |
some people are much higher risk takers -these ppl are more likely to participate in sports/rec activities with a higher risk of serious injury
*no evidence shows link b/n high risk taking & athletic injury prevalence* |
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excess exercise & cardiovascular system |
risk of sudden death -prolonged exercise decreased right ventricular ejection fraction, w/ longer bouts -rants can run to exhaustion, humans cant=heart damage -people w/ more than 7 hrs of activity a week increase asthma possibility
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such thing as too much exercise? the right amount? |
yes!!! studies show running 5-20 miles per week decreased mortality--> more than 20 increase mortality
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psychology and rehabilitation |
anecdotal evidence- athletes who have more + motivated attitude cope w/ injury better
cross sectional- patients w/ + attitude help faster
intervention exp.- athletes taught imagery/relaxation techniques experience less re-in ury |
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psychological methods to improve rehabiltation |
self talk- encouraging + emotional responses goal setting- setting short/long terms goals, challenging but realistic imagery- mentally envisioning successful rehab stress- interestingly faster, higher stress=slow healing |
