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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology |
-studying the influence of the social and cultural environment on the behavior of individuals and groups |
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Social Psyc examines 3 conventions |
1) influence 2) cognition 3) Interaction |
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Social Influence |
-Ways an individuals behavior can be affected by the presence of others |
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Cognition |
-Ways individuals think about other people |
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Social Interaction |
-Examinig the positive and negative aspects of relating to other people |
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Social Norms |
-Rules to regulate social life -"Spoken and unspoken laws" |
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Social Roles |
-A given social position taht is govered by a set of norms for proper behavior ie) Prof = educated and professional |
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Culture |
-A set of shared calues, beliefs and customs |
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The power of social roles |
-The social roles we play in socieety have a powerful influnce over our behavior |
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Obedience |
dutiful or submission behavior; following another individuals direct commands |
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Milgram |
-Shock test -teacher and student |
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Milgram Conclusions |
Everyone is capable of committing atrocious acts, regardless of personality, if ordered so by someone in autority |
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Zimbardo |
-Stanford prison study |
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Why do we obey? |
-necessary -Obedience allows us to avoid consequences of disobedience -has many benefits -we dont want to rock the boat |
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Socail Cognition |
-how our social interactions and influences affect our thoughts, memory, perception and beliefs |
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Attribution |
-Explanation we generate to explain our behavior or behavior of others |
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Attricution theory |
-People are motivated to explain causes of behavior using wither a situational or dispositional explanation |
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Situation Attreibution |
-assume an environmental or situational cause eg) someone knitting, its cold and he needed a scarf to keep from freezing |
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Dispositional Attribution |
-Assume an inherent character trait or other internal cause for the behavior eg) someone knitting, He;s just crafty and creative soul |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
The tendency to overestimate dispositional variables and ignore situational variables |
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Fundamental attribution error is caused by an asymmetry in social perception thorough: |
-Our behavior -The behavior of others |
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Self-serving bias |
-Tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative evenets to external factors |
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Two main self-serving biases |
1) Bias to choose the most flattering explanations foro ur own lapses -Group serving bias -Cultural influence 2)Bias to believe the world around us is fair ( just-world hypothesis) -Justice is served -Good is rewarded and bad is punished |
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Blaming the Victim |
-Dispositional attribution stemming from the just-world hypothesis -Occurs when belief in a just world hypothesis -Find a reason to justify the abuse suffered |
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Attitude |
-A positive or negative belief about people, groups, ideas or activities |
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Explicit Attitude |
we are aware of them |
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Implicit Atttiude |
we are unaware of them |
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Learning Theory |
1) Conditioning -Attitudes that are openly expressed may be reinforced or punished by others -Agreement from other reinforces an attitude, while disagreement from others weakens your commitment stimuli 2) Observational learning -Other people's attitudes influence the attitudes you develop |
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Dissonance Throey |
A state of tension that occurs under two main conditions: 1) A person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent 2) A person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior ** These inconsistencies lead people toward attitude change |
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Dissonance |
"the task is boring" vs. "I told someone else the task was fun" |
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Familiarity Effect |
Simple repeated exposure to something is enough to make people feel more positively towards it |
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Validity effect |
Simple repeated exposure to a fact of idea is enough to make people believe it is true |
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Groups |
Two ro more individuals who interact and are interdependent |
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Four main components od groups |
1) Roles 2) Norms 3) Communication Structure 4) Power Structure |
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Behavior in a group |
-Conformity -Groupthink -Diffusion of responsibility -Deindividuation -Altruism and dissent |
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Conformity |
Taking action ot modifying behavior to match that of the rest of the group through real or imagined social pressure |
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Why conform? |
-Need for social acceptance -Need for information |
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Groupthink |
Tendency for all group members to think and act alike for the sake of harmony; all disagreement suppressed |
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Symptoms of group think |
-Illusion of invulnerability -Self censorship -Pressure to conform -Illusion of unanimity |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
The tendency of group members to avoid taking responcibility for actions of decisions assuming other will do so |
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Bystander Effect |
People are less likely to provide help when they are in groups than when they are alone ex) the story of Kitty Genovese |
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Why does the bystander effect happen? |
-Pluralistic Ignorance (if others dont seem concerned then you arent) -Redundant intervention -Diffusion of Responsibility -Diffusion of blame |
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Deindividuation |
loss of ones awareness or sense of individuality in groups or crowds |
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Dissent |
Voicing disagreement with the group, acting in the opposite to the group norms, expectations or commands |
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Altruism |
The willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others |
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Situatioanl factors that encourage dissent and altruism |
-perception of the need fof help -cultural norms -presence of an ally -entrapment |
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Personal Identity |
sense of self based on personal traits,individual experience |
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Social Identity |
sense of self based on the groups we belong to |
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Acculturation |
process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of mainstream culture |
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Bicultural |
Strong ties to both their ethnicity and mainstream culture |
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Assimilation |
Weak feeling of ethnicity but strong sense of acculturation |
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Ethnic Separatists |
Stong sense of ethnicity but weak sense of acculturation |
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Marginal |
No strong connection to ethnicity or the mainstream culture |
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Ethnocentrism |
the belief that ones own culture or ethnic group is superior to others |
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Stereotype |
Summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or set of traits |
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Stereotypes distort reality in 3 ways |
1) Exaggerate differences between groups 2) Produce selective percepion 3) Underestimate differences within other groups |
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Prejudice |
Negative stereotypes and dislike of hatred of a group |
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Origins of prejudice |
-Psychological causes -Social causes -Economic causes -Cultural or national causes |
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Four conditins that must be met to reduce prejudice |
1) Both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunites and power 2) Authorities and community institutions must provide moral, legal and economic support for both sides 3) Both sides must have opportunities to work and socialize together, formally and informally 4) Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal |
