Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Internalism |
Focus is on events most immediately related to a particular historical event (ex. the discovery of something) Personalistic histories Practitioner historians |
|
|
Is context more or less important for internalism? |
Less |
|
|
Externalism |
Focus on the broad "currents" indirectly tied to a particular event...things about the world are the determining factor Contextual |
|
|
Synchronical approach |
Focus on particular point in time without concern for how things develop to that stage |
|
|
Synchronical is to ____ as diachronical is to ____ |
Externalism/naturalistic, internalism/personalistic |
|
|
Relativism |
Something can be true at one time/place and untrue at another time/place |
|
|
Which approach is relativism associated with? |
Synchronical approach |
|
|
Diachronical approach |
Focus on the evolution of change over time Greater emphasis on personalistic |
|
|
Naturalistic theory of history |
Time creates the person...historical events are inevitable given developments that led up to that point |
|
|
Which is more correct: naturalistic or personalistic? |
Naturalistic |
|
|
Personalistic theory of history |
Person creates the time...assumes that discovery is the result of unique properties of the mind of the discoverer |
|
|
The personalistic theory of history is also known as what? |
The Great Man theory |
|
|
What makes the naturalistic and personalistic theories of history a false dichotomy? |
Personalistic theory is part of the naturalistic theory...the naturalistic theory creates the person to make a discovery and everything that makes a man great has historical antecedents/causes |
|
|
Presentism |
To interpret/assess the past only in terms ofpresent understanding...only the present is real |
|
|
What is the really bad meaning of presentism? |
Anachronism--out of place/time (ex. cavemen riding dinosaurs) |
|
|
What is the bad meaning of presentism? |
Moral judgments based on today's standards (ex. is Hitler evil?) |
|
|
What is the good meaning of presentism? |
Historicism...using past/present to understand present/past |
|
|
Empiricism |
Truth is revealed through observation of the natural world |
|
|
Who is the founder of empiricism? |
Locke |
|
|
Rationalism |
Truth is revealed through rigorous application of reason |
|
|
Solipsism |
Idea that there's only one mind and all other minds exist in that mind |
|
|
If you can refute ____, you can also refute idealism |
Solipsism |
|
|
Associationism |
Associations among our experiences/ideas...physiological theory for movement, sensation, thought |
|
|
What is the only principle of associationism according to Hartley? |
Contiguity |
|
|
Synchronous/simultaneous associationism |
"Fusion" of ideas |
|
|
Successive/temporal associationism |
Trains of thought |
|
|
What are the products of associationism? |
Word meanings, recollection, memory, imagination |
|
|
Nativism |
Idea that there are inborn rules by which we all constitute truth |
|
|
What are the four innate rules of nativism? |
Math, universal causation, induction, belief of external world |
|
|
Who is associated with nativism? |
Kant |
|
|
Dualism |
Mind/body are different substances |
|
|
Who is associated with dualism? |
Descartes |
|
|
Monism |
Mind/matter are not fundamentally different substances...one can be deduced to the other |
|
|
What are the two types of monism? |
Idealism and materialism |
|
|
Idealism |
All mind, no matter |
|
|
Who is associated with idealism? |
Berkeley |
|
|
Idealism is intrinsically what? |
Solipsistic |
|
|
What is the reductio ad absurdum argument against idealism? |
If all reality is mental, there is no relationship between the mental and the physical...if there is no relation, inanimate objects could be conceived of having souls, which is absurd, so idealism is absurd |
|
|
Materialism |
All matter, no mind |
|
|
Scholasticism |
Method of critical thought/reasoning which dominated teaching of medieval universities during the Middle Ages |
|
|
What is the purpose of scholasticism? |
Support church dogma |
|
|
Deduction |
If the premises are true, the conclusion has to be true...conclusion contains all premise |
|
|
Who is associated with deduction? |
Newton |
|
|
Induction |
Looking at occurrences of things and generalizing beyond the instances that we have seen (ex. this crow is black so all crows are black) |
|
|
T/F: inductive conclusions can be wrong even if the premises are right |
T |
|
|
Is deduction or induction more certain? |
Deduction |
|
|
What was Kahn's idea about science? |
Mature sciences cycle between normal and revolutionary science |
|
|
Normal science |
Scientists working together on a particular problem having a shared set of beliefs (paradigm)...cumulative growth of knowledge |
|
|
Revolutionary science |
Paradigm shift...discontinuous growth of knowledge |
|
|
Who was considered to be the first philosopher of the modern era? |
Descartes |
|
|
Antiquity |
Roots of modern science (writing, astrology) |
|
|
Archaic/classic period |
Thales, Hippocrates (father of medicine), Greek philosophers |
|
|
Middle Ages |
Superstitious, scholasticism |
|
|
Renaissance |
Scientific revolution, Copernicus, Galileo, church/scholasticism dominated, Descartes |
|
|
Enlightenment |
Scientific movement toward reason, Newton |
|
|
During what period does psychology begin? |
Enlightenment |
|
|
What happened to Galileo when he said Jupiter has a moon? |
He was put on house arrest |
|
|
Who is associated with the heliocentric theory? |
Copernicus...put off the publication until his death |
|
|
What is the take home message of the scientific article? |
36% of modern studies could be replicated...only 1/3 published studies are true |
|
|
Descartes |
Father of modern philosophy, dualism, interactionism |
|
|
What did Descartes believe to mediate the mind/body interaction? |
Animal spirits--tiny brain particles that enter nerves and cause muscle contraction |
|
|
What is the site of the mind/body interaction? |
Pineal gland |
|
|
Why was Descartes skeptical? |
Nothing could be said to be true with certainty...only thing he was unable to doubt was that he existed |
|
|
Leibniz |
Monads, consciousness, parallelism |
|
|
Monads |
Elementary particles that are totally controlled by God |
|
|
T/F: Monads cannot differ |
F...every monad differs from another |
|
|
Can monads be compounded? |
Yes...God programs all monads at creation |
|
|
Changes in monads are equivalent to ____ |
Changes in perception |
|
|
Did Leibniz believe in cause and effect? |
No--that would require changeability of monads |
|
|
Parallelism |
Type of explanation for the apparent correlation between mind and body |
|
|
Petite perceptions |
Leibniz...perception too weak to enter awareness |
|
|
Apperception |
Leibniz...highest level of awareness
|
|
|
Locke |
Founder of school of empiricism, ideas, primary/secondary qualities, |
|
|
What did Locke believe was the basic unit of mind? |
Ideas |
|
|
What did Locke believe to be the source of ideas? |
Sensation, reflection |
|
|
Sensation |
Effects of physical energy from the external world on our nervous system |
|
|
Reflection |
Mental processing of sensory information and remembered ideas...can produce new ideas |
|
|
Simple ideas |
Locke...basic sensory properties of objects...caused by simple impressions |
|
|
Complex ideas |
Locke...compounding of simple ideas...do not have to resemble a single impression |
|
|
Primary qualities |
Locke...qualities inherent to object (size, shape) |
|
|
Secondary qualities |
Locke...properties we see objects as having (color) |
|
|
"Blank slate" metaphor |
Locke...all mental knowledge comes from experience/sensation |
|
|
T/F: Locke rejected rationalism |
T |
|
|
T/F: Locke rejected dualism |
F...the mental knows the physical through experience |
|
|
Berkeley |
Subjective idealism...to be is to be perceived...I think therefore I am |
|
|
Subjective idealism |
Berkeley...the only substance that exists is the mind |
|
|
Berkeley believed that all qualities were ____ |
Secondary (constructions of the mind) |
|
|
T/F: Berkeley rejected dualism |
T |
|
|
Liveliness hypothesis |
Hume...impressions (strong perceptions that are the first things to enter consciousness) vs. ideas (derived from compounded impressions) |
|
|
Hume |
Liveliness hypothesis, Hume's fork |
|
|
Hume thought all mental content comes from ____ |
Experience |
|
|
Hume's fork |
All beliefs must be justified by either "matter of fact" confirmed by experience or a "relation of ideas" (math, logic)
|
|
|
What did Hume's fork suggest? |
Nothing can be known with certainty, including God, the external world, cause/effect, inductive conclusions, and a permanent self |
|
|
Kant |
Material idealist, great insight |
|
|
What was Kant's great insight? |
Our minds constitue experience via universal, innate laws (math, universal causation, induction)...reality is our experience |
|
|
T/F: Kant believed mind molds external reality |
T |
|
|
T/F: Kant believed knowledge of the external world exists beyond our experience |
F |
|
|
Mill |
Chemical vs. mental compounding, method of agreement, method of difference, joint method |
|
|
Chemical compounding |
Simple ideas (not compose) generate complex ideas...the whole is more than the sum of its parts |
|
|
Method of agreement |
Mill...2+ instances of a phenomenon have only one circumstance in common and that is the cause of said phenomenon |
|
|
Method of difference |
Mill...a phenomenal instance has every circumstance save one in common with a non phenomenal instance and that difference is the cause of the phenomenon |
|
|
Joint method |
Mill...if 2+ instances in which a phenomenon occurs have only one circumstance in common while 2+ instances in which it does not occur have nothing in common except that lone circumstance, that circumstance is the cause of the phenomenon |
|
|
Reflexes |
Very rapid motor responses usually to specific sensory stimuli |
|
|
Whytt |
Observed that some movements appear automatic (decapitated frog experiments) |
|
|
Wholism |
Every part of the brain being wholly involved/necessary to every process |
|
|
Why can't wholism be true? |
Because of sensation vs. movement |
|
|
What are the two laws that began to support the idea of localization of function? |
Bell-Magendie law, doctrine of specific nerve energies |
|
|
Bell-Magendie law |
Idea that dorsal roots of spinal nerves = sensory; ventral roots = motor |
|
|
What did the Bell-Magendie law establish? |
Separation of motor physiology from sensory physiology |
|
|
What did the Bell-Magendie law imply? |
Distinct neuroanatomical bases for distinct sensory/motor functions |
|
|
Doctrine of specific nerve energies |
Muller...the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried |
|
|
What does the doctrine of specific nerve energies provide? |
Explanation for how our brains distinguish between sensory information |
|
|
What does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain? |
How our nervous systems separate our different sensory qualities |
|
|
What does the doctrine of specific nerve energies demonstrate? |
That we are aware of the actions of our nerves |
|
|
Trichromatic theory of hue perception |
Young...hue sensation could be accounted for by three different sensory receptors in the fovea |
|
|
What did the trichromatic theory of hue perception prove? |
Showed that sensory and motor function are controlled by different nerves/neuroanatomical locations |
|
|
Helmholtz |
Place theory, law of conservation of energy, neural impulses |
|
|
Place theory |
Helmholtz...proposed that wave amplitudes of air pressure were responsible for pitch perception (sound intensity) |
|
|
What does retinal disparity explain? |
Depth perception |
|
|
Ohm vs. Seebeck |
Ohm (the fundamental)--perceived pitch as due to lowest frequency Seebeck (the missing fundamental)--pitch is affected by mixtures/additives of overtones |
|
|
Psychophysics |
The science of describing the quantitative relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our sensory experiences on them |
|
|
Who is credited with psychophysics? |
Weber |
|
|
Weber's law |
The smallest perceptible difference (JND) between stimuli is a ratio between the proportional intensities |
|
|
T/F: JNDs from Weber's law differ for different stimuli/sensory modalities |
T |
|
|
Physiognomy |
Gall...assessment of a person's character, personality, and abilities based on the outer appearance |
|
|
What was phrenology based upon? |
Physiognomy |
|
|
Phrenology |
Gall and Spurzheim...relationship between mental characteristics and the shapes of heads |
|
|
T/F: Phrenology was unpopular |
F |
|
|
What did phrenology help establish? |
The brain as the organ of mind |
|
|
Fluorens |
Experimental ablation, anti-cerebral localization |
|
|
Experimental ablation |
Fluorens...surgical removal of specific parts of the brain |
|
|
What did Fluorens prove? |
There was no structure/function relation as was postulated by phrenologists |
|
|
Phineas Gage |
Iron blade driven through R frontal lobe --> personality changes |
|
|
Broca's area of speech |
Inferior frontal gyrus...speech articulation |
|
|
Who first measured speed of conduction of nerve impulses? |
Helmholtz |
|
|
Who proposed the existence of animal electricity? |
Galvani |
|
|
Who was against animal electricity? |
Volta |
|
|
What/who settled the dispute about animal electricity? |
Matteucci...showed that a current could be measured from cut muscular tissue alone |
|
|
Who proposed the neuron doctrine? |
Cajal |
|
|
Neuron doctrine |
Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system |
|
|
Who proposed the concept of synapses? |
Sherrington |
|
|
Determinism |
All events have prior causes...acting upon on our greatest drive/reason |
|
|
Positivism |
All knowledge comes from "positive" information of observable experience (scientific methods) |
|
|
Henry Goddard |
Believed intelligence was inherited and could be measured with an IQ test...used test to screen and deport immigrants coming through Ellis Island |
|
|
What did Henry Goddard show? |
How difficult it is to avoid a presentist orientation |
|
|
Winston Churchill |
Alleged to have said history would be kind to him because he would be the one writing it |
|
|
Helmholtz's explanation of system constancy |
The total energy within a system remains constant, even if changes occur within the system |
|
|
What did Helmholtz's explanation of system constancy serve as? |
Weapon against vitalism |
|
|
Theodor Bischoff |
Investigated consciousness post-decapitation...concluded that consciousness ended with the moment of execution |
|
|
What did Theodor Bischoff's work reinforce? |
The theory that consciousness resides in the brain |
|
|
Vitalism |
Belief that a vital force existed that went beyond the physical/chemical components of living organisms |
|
|
Broca |
Developed the clinical method, motor aphasia |
|
|
Motor aphasia |
Broca...inability to articulate ideas verbally (L frontal lobe) |
|
|
T/F: Broca argued against localization of function |
F |
|
|
APA |
American Psychological Association...designed to reconcile the conflicting goals of scientists and practitioners |
|
|
Someone aiming for a career in the professional practice of psychology would probably join which organization? |
APA |
|
|
APS
|
Association for Psychological Science...focused on scientific research |
|
|
An experimental psychologist would most likely join which organization? |
APS |
|
|
Match the three similar approaches Presentist, naturalistic, external, internal, historicist, personalistic |
Presentist, internal, personalistic Historicist, external, naturalistic |
|
|
Who coined the term "reflex"? |
Willis |
|
|
What are the three laws of associations according Hume? |
Contiguity, cause and effect, and resemblance |
|
|
Atomism |
Idea that complexity innature can be understood by reducing objects to their most basic elements |
|
|
What does internalism focus on? |
Development of ideas/progression of research |
|
|
What was the first example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception? |
Berkeley's work on vision |
|
|
Who was the first to measure the speed of neural impulses? |
Helmholtz |
|
|
Law of conservation of energy |
Helmholtz...the total energy withina system remains constant, even if changes occur within the system |
|
|
How does the APA define psychology? |
Psychologyis the study of the mind and behavior |
|
|
What is the extreme example of externalism? |
Hermeneutics |
|
|
Hermeneutics |
Theory/methodology ofinterpretation of written/oral communications |
|
|
What are the three ways to support a claim to know something? |
Authority, empiricism, rationalism |
|
|
What is the hypothetico-deductive model? |
Using deduction and induction in a systematic way |
