Psyc

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application of social learning theory

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TV sesame street, Huesmann and Eron.

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Compliance

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Dickerson et al. shower ACLRSS

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effects of stereotype

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30 min verbal test. Steele and Aronson

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Social representation

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Russian American mums. Moscovichi, Adler

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Social learning theory

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bobo doll. Bandura et al ARMM & CR2il

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social identity

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7 uni football. Ciadili

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Method of socio

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observation. Leon Festinger

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Formation of stereotype

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intro/extroverted Syner and Swann

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effect of emotion

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flashbulb memory theory. Brown and Kulik.
public events. 80 American participants John F Kennedy. In addition, 73 out of 80 shared flashbulb memories such as shocking death of relatives.

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Interaction between cog and bio in emotion

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appraisal. Speisman et al
Surgery film in 3 conditions. to see if emotional reaction to unpleasant film can be manipulated.
pain emphasize/ptp as willing/anthropology interpretation of the ceremony. Deliberately manipulated appraisal of situation.

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Culture effect in cog

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Cole and Scribner
american and Kpelle children. schooling appears to play a role in how we remember.
problem that many memory tests are associated with formal schooling

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Tech in cog

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MRI Kilts product preference attractiveness rate
medial prefrontal cortex -> associated with self and personality. oxygen in blood. shows that we prefer products which we see part of our identity.
concerns in extensive use of tech in brain.

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reliability of cog

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Loftus and Palmer. Hit substitued with intensity collided, bumped, smashed, contacted.

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Models of cog

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MTM. Atkinson and Schiffrin.
3 components: sensory buffer, STM, LTM. external stimuli moves into sensory buffer as the means of attention; Information moves from STM to LTM by a process of rehearsal. Memories are lost from STM by a process of displacement and from LTM by a process of decay.
HM case shows... STM intact.
Oversimplified, cannot explain multitasking

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Schema theory

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Anderson and Pichert. Assumes that prior knowledge or experience can affect one's information processing. To see if schema processing can affect both encoding and retrieval stages of memory processing.
2 school boys skip school one day and goes to one of their house. In the stage of encoding, participants are given detailed description of the house. This schema was based on 72 points which was rated based on the importance of the role: potential house buyer or burglar. After 12 minutes of distracting activity, they did the first recall test. After 5 minutes, half were given new schemas, were they had to change the perspective from house buyer to burglar and vice versa. The other half remained with the original schema. The result was that the participants who got the new schema remembered 10% more in the second recall test than the first one. Also, they recalled 7% more points than the original schema. The participants who remained with the original one recalled fewer points in the second test. The researchers concluded that schema processing did influence the encoding and retrieval stages of information processing.
limit: ecological validity. cause and effect relationship between schema processing and information processing.

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Neurotransmitter

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seretonin levels. Buddhist. Kasamatsu and Hirai
serotonin responsible for emotions and arousal. The aim was to see how sensory deprivatino can affect the brain. especially in hypothalamus and frontal cortex.

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Mirror neurons

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Gallese et al. chimps telltale crackling electrodeds

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Brain injury

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Phineas Gage.

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Tech in BIO

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fMRI Jim Fallon. psycopath brain. extreme low activity in the brain area left frontal lobe, associated with empathy and self control

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Localizations in brain functions

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*Broca. 51 yrs old man
Localizations in brain functions refers to the evidence
In the key study of Broca, he examined a patient who was alive after an accident but could not produce speech. He had injury in the frontal lobe. This confirms that the localization in brain functions plays a role to certain process

one critical point is that

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Environment in bio

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*brain plasticity. Maguire et al
The theory on brain plasticity assumes that after extensive learning such as taxi driving or language, brain could physically grow its size and extend its neurons. The case study of Maguire et al shows how environment can affect behavior. The aim was to detect any changes in the brains of participants and also the functions of hippocampus in spatial memory.

In the case study of Maguire et al,

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genetics in bio

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*Behavioral genetics can be defined as...Minnesota *twin study, Flynn effect
Behavior genetics refers that both genetical traits and environment may affect the variations of an individual. The key study of Minnesota twin study and Flynn effect gives insight to how inheritance can be genetically and environmentally inherited.

In the key study of Minnesota twin study by Bouchard , MZAs and MZTs of average 41 years were compared. MZAs are the identical twins which lived apart and MZTs are identical twins who lived together. The researcher gave out 50 hours of tests an interviews to examine the intelligence of the twins. The result was that, 70% of the intelligence seemed to be inherited while 30% was affected due to other factors.

The Flynn effect refers to how the average intelligence scores have risen all most all over the world. This can be due to factors such as different child rearing practices, better nutrition, increase use of technology, and better economic environment.

One critical point in the twin study is that, there are some ethical concerns. It is highly likely that the twins living apart didn't know that they had a twin and if they got to know this face through the experiment, it could have caused extreme shock and perhaps stress.

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Hormones

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*testosterone John Manning
Hormones are chemicals which can affect behavior. They are produced in the glands of endocrine system. One of the hormones is testosterone, which involves in emotion arousal and development. The case study of John Manning shows how hormone can affect behavior.

In the case study of John Manning, a blind test was done with 100 left-handed athletes. The researcher measured the length between the index and ring finger and predicted who is going to arrive at the end of the 3000m marathon in what order. The result was that, the researchers had 90% of the prediction correct. This study shows that testosterone has great influence only when people are in clubs.

One critical point is that there has been lots of factors in ignored in the athlets. The participants' health and age weren't considered and also it wasn't considered if someone did leg training.

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evolution

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*Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
*Tetsuro Matsuzawa
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution assumes that those who adapt to the environment in which they live best has the greater possibility to survive, have children and pass their genetics to their offspring. The key study of Tetsuro Matsuzawa supports this theory. The aim is to examine the spatial memories of young chimps.

In the key study of Matsuzawa, the researchers taught 3 pairs of chimps to recognize the numerals 1 to 9. Both the chimps and human participants were seated at a computer terminal, where the numerals flashed briefly in the monitor. The numerals were displaced with squares and the participants had remember the numerals and touch the touch-screen monitor in sequence. The result was that, human participants had greater errors and lacked accuracy. The chimps had fewer errors compared to the humans and were equally accurate even in shorter sessions. It is assumed that each human and chimps have adapted their abilities to the environment which they live in; the ability to remember where the numerals are essential for the chimps since they need to know where the foods and danger are. Humans have lost the ability and instead chose to develop language.

One critical point is that, there is a ethical concern. The research used animals and the process of teaching the chimps the numerals and having it seated could have caused stress. Also, it was much controlled in a laboratory which lacks ecological validity.