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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The affective component of an attitude is reflected in:
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feelings that people have about a given event, topic, or subject
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As you are helping your newlywed friends move into their new home, you hear them arguing as they try to edge the king-sized bed frame through the bedroom doorway. The frame gets jammed and you automatically attribute the jam to the couple “being poor communicators” rather than attributing the failure to get the frame through the doorway to the possibility that it might be too big for the doorway. This is an example of:
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fundamental attribution error
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Sally did not do well on her last math test. If her fifth-grade teacher concludes that Sally did poorly because she is NOT motivated to do well in school, the teacher may be committing:
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fundamental attribution error
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Also known as ______ traits, these personality characteristics or attributes can easily be inferred from observable behavior
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surface |
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Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, as:
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attribution |
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A ______ is a type of personality test in which a person interprets an ambiguous image, in the process of which the tester can assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits
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projective tests |
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Yoko was late for work because traffic was particularly heavy. When she arrived at the office, she apologized to her boss, insisting that it was her fault for being late—if she had been less lazy, it wouldn't have happened. According to the Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases," blaming an accidental occurrence on an internal, personal disposition rather than on situational factors is called the:
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self-effacing bias |
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______ was the German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identified the three basic dimensions of personality as:
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Eysenck
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Jake lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; and, despite all his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Jake is just like most unemployed people—irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. The neighbor has committed:
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fundamental attribution error
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When Allison landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart “wheeling and dealing.” When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the loss on the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. Her attitudes illustrate:
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self serving bias
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The term ______ was used by Carl Rogers to refer to the sense of being loved and valued by other people, especially one's parents.
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positive regard |
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______ is the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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the just world hypothesis |
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Raffi is shown a series of cards with ambiguous scenes and told to make up a story about each one including descriptions of the characters' feelings and motives. Raffi has been given the:
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thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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When Martha walked down a dark alley one night in a part of town that she knew was dangerous, she was mugged, but fortunately not otherwise harmed. When she told a friend of hers what happened, his first thought was that "she should have known not to walk there at night." Martha's friend is in a sense putting the responsibility for her misfortune on her, despite the fact that she was a victim of a mugging. Her friend was using the psychological process known as:
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blaming the victim |
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Social cognitive theory embraces the idea that it is a person's ______ that represent(s) the person's cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes
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self-system |
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The ______ error, involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors
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fundamental attribution error |
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Dr. Sharma stresses the importance of identifying, measuring, and describing individual differences in terms of various personality characteristics. His views are MOST representative of the ______ perspective on personality
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trait |
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The tendency to adjust one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called:
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conformity |
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In contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people as being motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the ______ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
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humanistic |
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The cognitive component of an attitude involves:
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thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object |
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During a discussion on fast food and fast-food outlets, Mark stated, “Fast food is great. I just love southern fried chicken, fries, coleslaw, and milkshakes.” This statement represents the ______ component of Michael's positive attitude toward fast-food.
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affective |
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When a person attributes the successful outcomes of his behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes, the person most likely has an explanatory style known as:
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self-serving bias |
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The ideas about basic anxiety and womb envy proposed by German-born American psychoanalyst ______ also emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in personality
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karen horney |
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According to social psychologists, the three components of an attitude typically are which of the following?
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cognitive, affective, and behavioral |
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Carl Rogers is MOST famous for which of the following?
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developing a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive to reach one's potential, and the importance of self concept in personality development |
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The Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases," discusses a type of explanatory style more often found in collectivistic cultures that is known as the ______ bias. This style involves blaming our failures on internal, personal factors and attributing our successes to external, situational factors
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self effacing |
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The ______ is what Freud referred to as the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal moral standards.
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super ego |
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Mary, a sophomore in college, did very well on her chemistry midterm exam. Afterward she believed the good grade was due to her being good at chemistry and studying very hard. However, when she found out how poorly she did on her final chemistry exam, she went to her professor to talk to him about her belief that the test was unfair, badly written and too difficult. Mary is likely using what social psychologists call the ______ bias, in which she attributed her midterm success to something internal, and her failure on the final to something external
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self serving bias |
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The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors is called:
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after observer bias |
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The life instinct is referred to as:
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eros |
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The social category called a stereotype refers to:
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the cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group |
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Humanistic psychology focuses on:
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the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development |
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The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called:
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hindsight bias |
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During the ______ stage of psychosexual development, the genitals are the primary focus and the child derives pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent
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phallic |
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______ was the Swiss psychiatrist who developed his own psychoanalytic theory of personality. His theory stressed a striving toward psychological harmony and included the key ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes.
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Carl G. Jung |
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______ is the negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
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prejudice |
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Mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations are called: |
archetypes |
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All members of the MacGregor household are enthusiastic supporters of the new community recycling program. They consistently sort their garbage by placing paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum in their respective bins. The MacGregors’ actions illustrate the ______ component of attitudes. |
behavioral |
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The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through: |
action |
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______ used the term self-efficacy to describe the degree to which we are subjectively convinced of our own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation |
albert bandura |
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The term ______ is the term used by Bandura to describe the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of his or her own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation |
self efficiency |
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The unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs in a person when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, is called: |
cognitive dissonance |
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Carl Rogers suggested that the ______ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. |
actualizing tendency |
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The theory that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences in behavioral predispositions among individuals is called the: |
trait theory |
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According to Freud, the notion that a little boy feels affection for his mother and hostility and jealousy toward his father as well as experiencing castration anxiety, is known as the: |
oedipus complex |
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The teaching technique known as the ______ stresses a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situation |
jigsaw classroom |
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The actualizing tendency and the self-concept are to ______ as reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy are to ______. |
Carl Rogers & Albert Bandura |
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Jai could be described as a person who has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept and is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to new experiences. Carl Rogers would characterize Jai as a(n): |
fully functioning person |
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Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasized the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences, is called the ______ perspective. |
psychoanalytic |
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______ was the American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity. |
Soloman Asch |
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According to Freud, the id is ruled by the ______, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges. |
pleasure principle |
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Greg, a new faculty member, is on the college committee concerned with student evaluation. He disagrees with the proposal to institute a college-wide percentage system for grading, but the other five members have already stated that they are in favor of the proposal. Greg decides that it would be in his best interests to go along with his colleagues and not risk antagonizing them, so he votes in favor of the proposed policy. This example best illustrates: |
normative social influence |
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At her therapy session, Keisha is asked to spontaneously report all of the thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come into her mind. This technique is commonly used in psychoanalysis and is known as: |
free association |
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The most fundamental dimensions of personality are called: |
source traits |
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How many source traits did Raymond Cattell propose? |
16 |
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______ is the American psychologist best known for the Robbers' Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes. |
Muzafer Sherif |
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The theory of personality that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a person’s unique potential, is the: |
humanistic theory |
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Fraser loves wearing sandals or thongs and hates wearing shoes. However, when he went out to dinner with his girlfriend's family he wore shoes because he did not want to evoke their disapproval. Fraser's behavior illustrates the importance of: |
normative social influences |
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Professor Kelly's research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly likely studies ______ theory |
personality |
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A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way is called: |
trait |
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Known as ______, this involves the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another |
the out-group homogeneity effect |
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According to Albert Bandura, all of us have a set of cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes that guide how we perceive, evaluate, and control our behavior in different situations. Bandura referred to this as: |
self-system |
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Kyle is in sixth grade, and like most children in his school, he believes that his school is better than all the other schools in town. Kyle's belief illustrates: |
in-group bias |
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Which of the following theories of personality stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality? |
psychoanalytic |
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The sex drive is also referred to as: |
libido |
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Mrs. Torre sends her children to a private elementary school and has made friends with several fellow parents. Mrs. Torre's neighbor, Mrs. Klucik, on the other hand, home-schools her children. Mrs. Torre does not take part in the activities and group events that Mrs. Klucik does as a home-schooling mother. Social psychologists would consider Mrs. Torre to be part of the ______ of the elementary school parents, and part of the ______ of the home-school parents |
in-group; out-group |
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Seven-year old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls very much. Sean is probably in the ______ stage of psychosexual development |
latency |
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Joy says, "I think our reading group reads more sophisticated literature than Jenna's group. Frankly, between you and me, it's because most of us have a graduate degree." In using the word "we," Joy is referring to her: |
in-group |
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According to ______, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process that he called reciprocal determinism. |
Albert Bandura |
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The term that describes human functioning as being caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is: |
reciprocal determinism |
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Behavior motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval is described by the text as: |
normative social influence behavior |
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The death instinct, which Freud called ______, is often manifested in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions. |
thanatos |
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Male is to _____ aggression as female is to _____ aggression |
direct; indirect |
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Liliana thinks that people her parents' age are old-fashioned, critical, intolerant, and unconcerned about important social issues. Liliana is assuming that people in a particular age category have certain characteristics, even though these qualities may be unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates: |
stereotyping |
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The type of person who directs his energies outward toward the environment and other people would most likely be considered high on the ______ dimension of Eysenck's theory. |
extraversion |
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When Inge was first elected to the student finance committee, she was asked to make a decision on some important financial matter with which she was not familiar. All the other members of the committee stated that they were going to vote against the proposal. Inge voted with the group because she assumed that they must have the correct information and more background information on it. This example illustrates: |
informational social influence |
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Eysenck's theory includes a personality dimension known as ______, in which the person directs his or her energies inward toward self-focused experiences. |
introversion |
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Which type of learning is associated with aggressive behavior? |
observational learning |
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Terry's view of parents who have many children has always been that they are selfish or irresponsible. Terry then moves next door to a woman who has 8 children. Terry's view of parents with many children is challenged when she learns that her neighbors, despite their number of children, are very generous, responsible, and caring people. Terry's former belief about what families with lots of children SHOULD be like is a type of social category known as: |
stereotype |
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The ______ is the unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives. |
id |
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Known as ______, this is the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort |
social loafing |
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Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between culture and conformity? |
conformity is generally higher in collectivistic cultures |
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The definition of ______ involves the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status. |
obedience |
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Freud referred to the ______ as the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world |
ego |
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The reason that marathon runners will often clock a better time on the actual race day than they did in their timed practice runs is considered to be related to the support, clapping, and cheering of those present on the day of the race but not there during practice. This enhanced performance can be attributed to a phenomenon known as: |
social facilitation |
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Social facilitation is: |
the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance |
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the totality of the thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that, he believed, operated below the level of awareness that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness is called: |
id |
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______ is the concept that involves a reduction in self-awareness and diminished inhibitions occurring when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous. |
deindividuation |
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During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge finally orders him to confine his answers to a simple “yes” or “no” answer. After the judge's rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. This response of the witness illustrates: |
obedience |
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Dr. Markowitz studies the effects of heredity on behavior. One of his areas of research focuses on similarities and differences in identical twins who were separated at birth or early infancy and thereafter raised by different families. Dr. Markowitz is most probably a: |
behavioral geneticist |
