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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Description of normative development
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[means] Typical Patterns of change
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a simple set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain some aspects of experience.
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Theory
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specific predictions s about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon that interests us.
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Hypothesis
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Pros and cons of Interviews
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Pros: allows for follow up with tailored questions.
Cons: issues with honesty and accuracy |
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Pros and cons of naturalistic observation
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Pros: Easily applied and shows behavior in everyday situations
Cons: rare or undesirable behavior may not occur and observer may influence what is observed |
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Pros and cons of structured laboratory observation
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Pros: contorted situations for better responses
Cons: may not be representative of “real life” |
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Pros and cons of case study
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Pros: depth of information
Cons: lack of generalizability |
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Pros and cons of correlation
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Pros: more exact, allows us to compare things to each others, helps us make generalizations
Cons: doesn’t solidly prove or disprove anything |
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Pros and cons of experimentation
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Pros: measured perfectly by the numbers, proving or disproving a theory.
Cons: lengthy in time, working out ethical detail |
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The use of objective and replicable methods to gather data for the purpose of testing a theory or hypothesis. It dictates that, above all, investigators must be objective and must allow their data to decide the merits of their thinking.
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Scientific Method
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a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience
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Empirical Question
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the aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior.
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Independent Variables
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the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable.
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Dependent Variables
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Why do researchers use random assignment for experiments
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To create an unbiased procedure so that the members of the groups are not systematically different from one and other.
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When to use a Correlation Method
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A Correlation Method should be used when a researcher does not want to interfere with a study.
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When to use an Experiment
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An Experiment should be done when a researcher wants to get data that is more concrete to determine something.
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-Informed and voluntary consent (Children have final say)
-Not be harmed -Withdraw from participation with no negative consequences Informed of results -Confidentiality -Right to beneficial treatment |
Ethical Guidelines for treatment of children as research participants
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Active vs Passive Development
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A debate among developmental theorist about whether children are active contributors to their own development or rather, passive recipients of environmental influence.
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Quantitative change
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Incremental change in degree without sudden transformation. Such as becoming taller over the years.
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Qualitative change
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changes that make individuals fundamentally different from the way they were before. Such as child developing reading skills quicker then their peers
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The idea that multiple factors affect ones growth vs. individual factors. Factors such as cognition, personality, social development, biological development, ect.
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Holistic vs Segmented theme
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Holistic
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multiple factors affect ones growth
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Segmented
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individual factors affect ones growth
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• The debate among developmental theorist about the relative importance of biological predispositions (genes) and environmental influences (Society) as determinants of human development.
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Nature vs Nurture
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Focuses on things such as the importance of early years, children move through psychosexual stages, behavior is affected by unconscious motives.
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Psychoanalytic
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Explains changes due to pairing of stimuli to produce a condition (learned) response. --eggs--
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Classical conditioning
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Stresses the of reinforcement (to strengthen a response) and punishment (to weaken a response) in shaping behavior
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Operant conditioning
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-Micro system (immediate influences)
-Meso system (relationships) -Exosystem (indirect values, ideologies) -Chronosystem (changes overtime) |
Bronfenbrenner ecological perspective
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creating mutual understanding between two groups of individuals such as between teachers and students
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bi-directionality
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The genes one inherits
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genotype
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Observable/measurable physical characteristics
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phenotype
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hereditary sets and range of development potentials and the environment influences where in that range the individual will fall
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range of reaction
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Hereditary sets and range of development potentials and the environment influences where in that range the individual will fall
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range of reaction
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Experiences that are unique to the individual and not showed by other members of the family.
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Niche picking
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An environmental influence that people living together do not share that should make there individuals different from one and other
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Non-shared environmental
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The notion that the rearing environments that biological parents provide are influenced by the parents own genes and are correlated with the child’s genotype.
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Passive genotype/environmental correlations
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The notion that biological parents provide are heritable (genetic) attributes others behaviors towards us, and thus influences the social environment in which development takes place.
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Evocative genotype/environment correlations
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The notion that our genotypes affect the types of environments that we prefer and seek out.
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Active genotype/environmental correlations
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Approaches to sorting out influences of genetic and environmental factors on child outcomes
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Twin studies, Adoption studies, Family studies examining degree of kinship
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Study in which certain siblings differ in zygosity (kinship) are compared to determine the heritability of an attribute.
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Twin Study
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A study in which children who are biologically related and legally related are compared to estimate the heritability of an attribute.
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Adoption study
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A model of family influences in which parent and child are believed to influence each other reciprocally.
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Family studies examining degree of kinship
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"Big five" personality traits
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-Emotional stability
-Extraversion -Openness to new experiences -Agreeableness -Conscientiousness |
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an agent that can harm an embryo or fetus
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Terotogen
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A point between 22nd and 28th prenatal weeks when survival outside the uterus is possible
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Age of Viability
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All things that have a major effect on the outcome on the child. The older and physically as well as emotionally unhealthy you are the worse off the child is.
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Relationship between maternal age, health, and emotional state and outcomes to baby
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External agents like viruses, drugs, chemicals, and radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.
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Impact of various maternal terotogen/toxins on outcomes to baby
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