Psyc 3421 Adulthood And Aging

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Achieving Stage

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One of Schaie's stages of cognitive and intellectual development - in Young Adulthood individuals apply knowledge to achieving long term goals

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Acquisitive Stage

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One of Schaie's stages of cognitive and intellectual development - in Childhood and Adolescence individuals focus on acquiring a broad spectrum of knowledge

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Avoidant Strategies

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Denying a problem or attempting to reinterpret its meaning, suppressing any emotions evoked by the problem

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Bottom-Up Processing Strategy

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Collecting and integrating new information into the decision making process

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Category-Based Operations

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Similar to top-down processing, impressions based on previously existing schemas, placing less demand on cognitive resources

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Cognitive-Analytic Strategies

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Attempting to solve a problem by thinking out a logical solution

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Collaborative Cognitive Activities

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More than one individual performing a common task to reach a common goal

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Compensatory Decision Rules

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Summing, weighing and averaging all possible alternatives before making a final decision. Heavy cognitive processing demands.

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Constant-Probability-Of-Success Model of Creativity

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The point of maximum creativity in someone's career often coincides with the point of maximum productivity, so the higher a person's productivity, the higher their chance of producing a masterpiece

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Dispositional Attributions

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Tendency to put responsibility of an event entirely on the personal characteristics of the individuals involved

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Explicit Theories of Wisdom

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Definitions of wisdom proposed by various researchers

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Formal Knowledge

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The type of knowledge measure by psychometric tests and reflected in an individual's school grades

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Formal Operations

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One of Piaget's stages of cognitive development - starting at 11 years old an individual should be able to apply logical reasoning to solve abstract problems

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Framing Effects

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Phenomenon whereby people's decisions are influenced by the language used to describe the available options

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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tendency to place emphasis on internal characteristics of a person rather than situational events when observing another person's actions (especially in negative situations)

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Implicit Theories of Wisdom

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Conceptions the average person holds about wisdom

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Interactive Attributions

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Takes both dispositional and situational attributions into account without placing more emphasis on one than the other.

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Legacy-Creating Stage

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Schaie's Stages of Intellectual and Cognitive Development - Oldest of Older Adulthood. Person spends much of their time reminiscing about past experiences and leaving legacy items for family and close friends

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Moral Perspective Taking

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Inclination to consider moral dilemmas from various perspectives

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Noncompensatory Decision Rules

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Tendency to eliminate alternative options after an incomplete search

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Numeracy

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Ability to understand basic math concepts including the ability to interpret information presented in graphs and tables

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Passive-Dependent Strategies

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Attempting to withdraw from a situation or relying on others to solve it.

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Piecemeal Operations

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Impressions formed based on integration of individual items of information. More unique and possibly more accurate impressions are formed this way (Bottom-Up Processing)

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Positivity Effect

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When older adults are left to their own devices, they focus on more positive than negative information

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Portformal Thinking

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - comes after formal operations and involves tolerating ambiguity and remaining flexible and open to considering more than one possible solution to a problem.

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Problem-Focused Strategies

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Taking direct action to control or "fix" the problem at hand

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Reintegrative Stage

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Schaie's Stages of Cognitive and Intellectual Development - Older adulthood. Selective use of knowledge acquired over one's lifetime for meaningful purposes.

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Reorganizational Stage

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Schaie's Stages of Cognitive and Intellectual Development - Young older adulthood. Preparing for retirement and planning for loss of independence in older age.

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Responsible/Executive Stage

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Schaie's Stages of Cognitive and Intellectual Development - Middle adulthood. Use of knowledge to care for others and/or to take on leadership roles.

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Schemas

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Cognitive representations of categories, used to make impressions with less cognitive effort.

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Situational Attributions

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Placement of responsibility of an event on external extenuating circumstances

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Sunk-Cost Fallacy

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Continued investment of resources in an activity or endeavour that isn't going well because of previously made investments

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Swan-Song Phenomenon

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A resurgence of creative output in the 6th and 7th decades after following a post-peak decline. Often works produced at this time are outstanding.

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Tacit Knowledge

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Can be inferred from actions and indirect statements. Related to 'knowing how' as opposed to just 'knowing why'

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Top-Down Processing Strategy

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Relying on prior knowledge and experiences for decision making

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Trait Diagnosticity

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The degree to which a behaviour is informative about a particular trait

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Wisdom

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Expert knowledge and insight about the pragmatics of life. Being able to partake in 'problem finding' (asking appropriate questions when problems are undefined) and an appreciation that the truth is not absolute and may differ among perspectives.