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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cocktail Party Effect |
Focus on one out of many voices |
Musicians are very good at this trick! |
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Define COG PSYCH |
How people perceive, learn, remember and think about info |
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Availability Heuristic |
Make judgements based on how easy we can call something to mind |
Why Apple promotes it's products so much... |
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Dialect |
Ideas evolve over time thru transformation |
Thesis, antithesis, synthesis |
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PSYC = philosophy + physiology |
Understand general nature + study life-sustaining functions in living matter |
Nature + science |
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Plato was a _ and believed _. |
Rationalist; knowledge = thinking and logical analysis |
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Aristotle was a _ and believed _. |
Empiricist; aquire knowledge via evidence thru thinking and observation |
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Define Structuralism |
Understand structure of mind and it's perceptions by analyzing them thru attention, memory, sensation, etc. |
"Structure" = constant |
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Who was the 1st full fledged structuralist, and what did he rely on for work? |
Titchener; introspection |
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What was the importance of William James's Principles of psychology? |
Brought about PRAGMATISM: knowledge is validated by its usefulness Things have a purpose! |
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Define Introspection |
Deliberate looking inward at info passing thru consciousness, modeled after physics |
Can't ever be used as solid evidence to a theory bc we can't see what is in another's head. |
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What was the 1st major school of thought? |
Structuralism, in GERMANY by Wundt |
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Define Functionalism |
Seek to understand what people do and why they do it; process of thought rather than contents |
Didn't like structuralism's views on constituent components... |
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Which is better suited for neuroscience and which for cog. psych., and why? (Structuralism, functionalism) |
Structuralism = neuroscience bc brain influences the mind Functionalism = cog psych bc mind is independent from brain, but compliments it. |
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Associationism |
Examine how elements of mind (events, ideas) can become associated, and result in learning |
Didn't like how functionalism had no specific mechanism by which learning takes place |
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What are 3 ways the mind can be associated with itself? |
Contiguity: occur around the same time Similarity: similar properties & features Contrast: show polarities |
1. Snowmen and Christmas 2. Clouds and cotton balls 3. Hot and cold |
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Behaviorism is the relation btwn _ and _. |
Focus on relation btwn observable behavior and environmental stimuli |
To make physical what others call mental |
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What were Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Toleman, and Bandura known for as behaviorists? |
Pavlov: classical conditioned learning (food - whistle - salivate) Watson: "father" of radical behaviorism Skinner: operant conditioning (behavior depends on rewards and punishments) Toleman: all behavior is directed toward a common goal Bandura: learning is a result of observations |
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What is Gestalt Psychology? |
Focus on the "wholes" instead if smaller parts; studies insight |
If you break down water in to H2 and O, you don't have water anymore. Just focus on water. |
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Cognitivism |
Belief that much of human behavior can be understood by how we think |
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How is Cognitivism similar to behaviorism and gestalt? |
Like Behaviorism: use quantative analysis to study how people think
Like Gestalt: emphasize internal mental processes |
Behavior and insight |
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What 3 things lead to the development of Cognitive Psychology? |
1. Disappointment with subject matter - environment doesn't make me remember, I remember! 2. Active nature of the human - the mind always has a role 3. Different kinds of memory... |
1. Language is not just an action 2. We have active memories 3. I.e. previous knowledge, planning, etc. |
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How did the rise of Cog Psych in Europe differ? |
Focused on qualities changes of behavior by using schemata to determine the type of interaction with the environment. |
Schemata |
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What was Logic Theory Machine about? |
How the mind is like a machine, can be related to computer science |
Machine |
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What was The Magical Number 7 plus or minus 2 about? |
Discover internal processes by how we can hold 7 +/- 2 things in our heads at one time |
Internal processes |
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What was "Three Models of Language" about? |
Linguistics, and how our minds follow similar rules to language. |
Linguistics |
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Thoughts are like a computational mind: how do these play a role in that idea? 1. Symbol- Manipulation 2. Truth - preserving |
1. Thoughts are arranged like words, and can be rearranged to make a new thought. 2. Thoughts do not mix like paint, they stay separate. |
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Example of Sensation vs. Perception (light) |
Sensation: light hits your eyes Perception: takes energy and knowledge of the world, and turns it into meaning (what you see) |
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Describe artificial intelligence |
Machines can be programed to demonstrate info processing |
Bank checks are only recognized in the square font. |
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According to the line discrepancy theory, how does perception relate to the things we see in the objective world? |
There is an egaggerated response (electric shock) or a subjective view (brightness) of what we see. Electric shock plateaus vertically - at some point, you can't tell how many volts of pain you're getting, it's just painful. Brightness plateaus horizontally - at first something gets brighter and we notice it, but then it's too hard to notice the difference |
Brightness vs Electric shock |
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How is imitation a form of internal processing? |
Newborns are born with the ability at birth; we are born with the ability to learn language. Ex: "pre-programmed" |
Newborns... |
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3 "T's" of Consciousness and what they do |
1. Transduction: signals from the world are changed to "body signals" 2. Transmission: "body signals" bring back original signals (so we know what we're seeing) 3. Translated thru language |
Example: 1. Sound waves change to neuron movements in the brain 2. Recognize that it is a piano 3. "I hear a piano playing." |
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Why are some thing "pre-learned" for humans? |
We are limited in the differences we see in the world, hence we are able to grow and learn. |
If no differences in language - we'd never understand anyone! |
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Distal stimulus vs proximal stimulus vs perception |
Distal: an actual object in the environment Proximal: info registered on your sensory receptors Perception: what you must contribute |
Apple vs what's on your retina vs what you tell yourself you see |
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Partial report Technique |
Cueing part of the material to be memorized works better than trying to memorize the whole thing |
Memorizing letters via rows |
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Change Blindness Why? |
Failure to detect changes to people during a real world interaction Because we remember relationships, not details |
Man with map jumps behind poster |
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Inattentional Blindness |
If you don't expect something, you're less likely to see it. |
Miss the gorilla? |
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Automatic vs Controlled Processing |
Automatic: easy, familiar Controlled: difficult, unfamiliar |
Walking vs driving a stick shift |
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What does precuing direct us to do, and what does it allow the mind to do? |
Directs our attention the the object, not just the area
Allows our minds to "fill in the blanks" |
Rectangles with cue in top right corner |
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What are the 2 parts of the Feature Integration Theory? |
Preattentive and focused |
1. See size, shape, redness... 2. See apple |
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What are the 2 steps of the Preattentive Stage? |
1. Perception of primitives: color, curves, movement, etc. 2. Object recognition |
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What is Attentional Blink? |
Cues (white letter) help focus our attention |
Video gamers are really good at this! |
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Recap: Perception, Recognition, Action, Knowledge, Object Recognition |
Perception: conscious sensory experience Recognition: ability to place an object in a category that gives it meaning Action: how thoughts relate to movement Knowledge: things and how to do things Object recognition: identify categories |
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Holistic Basis |
Easier to remember a whole face than just the parts bc the whole is what is meaningful |
Faces vs houses |
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Figure vs Ground |
Figure: meaningful object with contours and edges Ground: less relevant background They can switch, but you can't see both at the same time. |
Ex: matador bull fighting painting |
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Gestalt Approaches to Perception |
Proximity: nearby Similarity: likeness Closure: complete even though we only see parts Continuity: see lines that fit rather than broken Figure Ground: stand out vs recede into background Symmetry: balanced proportions from center |
6, *doodle! |
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What is weber's law and what does it mean? |
DL = K*S DL: difference between 2 things K: constant S: something in the universe |
An equation |
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What is Intelligence? |
Capacity to learn from experience Ability to adapt to environment |
2 points |
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3 models of intelligence: |
3 - stratum module: specific abilities, broad abilities, g Theory of Multiple Intelligences: 8 intelligences Triarchic Theory: creative, analytical, practical |
3 8 3 |
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5 Fundamental ideas of Cognitive Psychology |
1. Both theories and studies are important. 2. Its adaptive 3. Processes like Memory and perception interact with one another 4. Uses many scientific methods 5. Findings can affect applications, and applied research can affect understandings. |
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Bottum-Up Theories |
Perception starts with looking at a stimulus |
Bottom= eyeball Top= the mind understanding |
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Top-down Theories |
Perception starts with sensory info, then adds prior knowledge, then you recognize the object. |
Top= senses Bottom= object |
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How do bottom - up and Top-down Theories relate? |
B-U: we perceive objects holistically T-D: we perceive more analytically if we plan to act on them |
See a cell phone vs use the cell phone |
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2 recognition systems |
Feature Analysis: recognize parts and assemble parts into wholes Configuration: recognize objects in larger groups |
Tulip = stem + pedals + center See tulips in a garden |
