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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two parts to stress? |
Physical - direct material/bodily challenge Psychological - perceived stress |
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What are the three ways of looking at stress? |
1 - Environment
2 - Response 3 - Process |
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In the first view, environment view, of stress: Stress is seen as? What are physically/psychologically challenging events or circumstances called? |
A stimulus Stressors |
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In the second view, response view, of stress: What's a physical response? What's a psychological response? The psychological/physiological response to a stressor is called a ______ |
Heart pounds/mouth goes dry/perspire Feeling nervous Strain |
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In the third view, process view, of stress: What important dimension does this third view add? This process involves continuous interactions and adjustments called ________ This view sees stress as not just a stimulus or response, but instead as? |
The relationship between the person and environment Transactions A process where the person is an active agent who influences the impact of a stressor via behavioural/cognitive/emotional strategies |
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What is the definition of stress? |
Circumstances where transactions make a person perceive a discrepancy between the physical/psychological demands of a situation and the resources of his/her biological/psychological/social systems |
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What is being referred to when we talk about resources? What are meant by demands? What is meant by a discrepancy? |
Biopscyhosocial resources Demands of a situation (amount of resources the stressor appears to require) Poor match between demands of the situation and the resources of a person |
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The transactional model of stress made by Lazarus focuses on what? |
How the event is appraised being what matters |
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What two factors are being processed during cognitive appraisal? |
Primary appraisal - Whether a demand threatens physical/psychological well-being/"will I be ok" Secondary appraisal - The resources available for meeting the demand |
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What are the three responses during primary appraisal, for example if you have symptoms of pain/nausea? |
1 - It is irrelevant; you won't be sick 2 - It is good/benign-positive; wanted to skip work anyway 3 - It is stressful; if you feared the symptoms were fatal |
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Circumstances appraised as stressful receive appraisal for what three implications? |
1 - Harm-loss; amount of damage already done
2 - Threat; expectation of future harm 3 - Challenge; opportunity to grow/master/profit to meet a demand |
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What are three personal factors involved in appraisal? What are two environmental factors involved in appraisal? |
Intellectual Motivational Personality characteristics Strong demands Imminent |
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What are the three dimensions of stress? |
Stressor frequency, intensity, duration |
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The physiological part of the response to a stressor is called _______ What influences this? What system is activated from the flight or fight response? |
Reactivity Genetics Sympatethic nervous system |
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Selye believed there were physiological responses beyond fight-flight, what did he called this? What were the three parts to it? |
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 1 - Alarm reaction (fight/flight) 2 - Stage of resistance; stressor continues and leads to body lowering SNS and trying to adapt to the stressor; diseases of adaptation (ulcers/high BP/etc) 3 - Stage of exhaustion; burnout, disease and damage to internal organs, death |
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What is allostatic load? Who usually has it? What does it emphasize? What four factors are important in the overall amount of bodily activation/physiological stress? High stress in early life means? |
The effects of the body adapting repeatedly to stressors that accumulate overtime; people low in SES That overall accumulation of physiological strain is more important than any one stressor Amount of exposure, magnitude of reactivity, rate of recovery (dwelling elongates), resource restoration (sleep) High stress in later life |
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The two-way connection between cognition and stress is important in the group of cognitive processes called executive functioning . What is executive functioning? The cognitive processes from executive functioning helps us ____ and ____ during stressful circumstances |
Cognitive abilities in regulating and directing our ongoing behaviour
Pause and plan |
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What are five factors in job stress? |
Physical environment Perceived insufficient control Poor interpersonal relationships Perceived inadequate recognition/advancement Job loss/insecurity |
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What are three ways to measure stress? Name four cons of the SRSS |
Polygraph Urine, blood, saliva analyses SRRS (social readjustment rating scale) Correlation between event and illness is low (.3) Doesn't indicate the degree of change Doesn't indicate the importance of the change to the individual Doesn't have any focus on chronic stressors |
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What's the difference between distress and eustress? |
Distress - harmful/damaging Eustress - Bneficial/constructive |
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Social support can refer to what two things? |
Received support (actions performed by others)
Perceived support (sense/perception that support is available) |
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What kind of support do those with chronic illnesses find helpful? Those with less serious chronic illness? |
Emotional & esteem All equally helpful |
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What two things influences how much social support one gets? What thing influence how much social support one gives? |
Sociability - less social people who help people less, and don't let others know they need help, receive less help
Size/intimacy/frequency of contact in their social network Not have resources/insensitive/under stress themselves |
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How may buffering help if an individual encountered a financial crisis?
Explain how social support may modify people's response to a stressor after the initial appraisal |
Appraise the situation as less stressful as they may expect someone will help them Someone may provide a solution/convince them it isn't a huge issue/look on the bright side |
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What is one way direct effects work? |
People with high levels of social support may have strong feelings of belongingness and self-esteem |
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When can support not work? What other kind of support can be very beneficial? Why does it work so well? |
When it does not match what we need Invisible support; doesn't make the person feel less competent/burden |
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What is personal control? What is behavioural control? What is cognitive control? |
Feeling one can make decisions/take action to get desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones Ability to take action to reduce the impact of stressors Ability to use thoughts to change the impact of a stressor |
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What is an internal locus of control? External? Our locus of control develops from what? Which gender is usually taught to be more externally controlled? People determine their success in an activity (like quitting smoking) based on what two things? |
Believing you have control over successes/failures (you are responsible); opposite Social learning Females Self-efficacy expectancy - belief they can succeed Outcome expectancy - the behaviour will lead to a favourable outcome |
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What is learned helplessness? Ex? It is a principal characteristic in __________ |
Feeling one has no control over their life and can't exert control even when they could succeed Patient who's unable to relieve his severe low back pain Depression |
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Attribution theory and explanatory styles are composed of what three parts? |
Internal/external Stable/unstable Global/specific Internal/stable/global (pessimistic) External/unstable/specific (optimistic) |
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What is the multidimensional health of locus of control scales used to look at? It contains 18 items divided into what three scales? |
Relationship between personal control and health Internal health locus of control (belief control of one's health lies within the person) Powerful-others' health locus of control (belief one's health is controlled by other people like physicians) |
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What is hardiness? What are the three characteristics to hardiness? |
A differentiater between people who do and don't get sick under stress Control - can influence their own life Commitment - sense of purpose Challenge - view changes as opportunities for growth |
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What is a sense of coherence? Resilience refers to high levels of what three inter-related positive components of personality? What are two reasons why some people are more resilient than others? |
People seeing the world as comprehensible/manageable/meaningful High levels of self-esteem/personal control/optimism Genetically inherited traits Experiences |
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What are the five parts to the five-factor model of personality? |
Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to experience Extraversion |
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What are the five parts to Type A behaviour patterns? How are Type B in relation? What health disease can Type As suffer from |
Competitive achievement
Time urgency Anger/hostility Vigorous vocal style Opposite Coronary heart disease (CHD) |
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What does psychoneuroimmunology look at? How do these systems form a feedback loop? |
Relationships between psychosocial processes and the activities of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems Nervous & endocrine send messages via neurotransmitters and hormones which increase/decrease immune function. Cells of the immune system make chemicals (cytokines/ACTH) that send information back to the brain |
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What are four patterns of people's use of coping methods? |
People are consistent in how they cope with a certain stressor (same problem, same coping method) People use >1 type of method to cope Methods used for short-term stressors may be different for long-term stressors |
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Middle-aged people use emotional/problem focused coping (choose one), why? Seniors use emotional/problem focused coping, why? |
Their stressors are things like work/finances which are manageable, so they use problem-focused Their stressors are things like health which isn't largely manageable, so they use emotion-focused |
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Men are more likely to use emotional/problem focused coping (choose one); and women? Higher income people use? Lower? |
Men = problem-focused Women = emotional-focused $$$ = problem-focused $ = emotional-focused |
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What is proactive coping? Usually done via? |
Efforts to prevent/minimize stress (usually via problem-focused methods) |
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Men have smaller/larger social support than women? But? Elderly have small/large social support? What three things are network size related to? |
Men have larger, but women use theirs more effectively Small, few people to rely on Income, social prestige, education |
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Why do assertive people view things as less/more stressful? |
Assertive = less stressful, see things as challenges Unassertive = more stressful, see things as threats |
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What is stress management? |
Behavioural, cognitive, and pharamcological techniques to reduce psychological and physical reactions to stress |
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The following are behavioural and cognitive methods in the next slides: What is systematic desensitization for? What is biofeedback? What is modelling? What is cognitive restructuring? What is stress-inoculation? |
Reduces fear and anxiety (via classical conditioning/counter conditioning) Electromechanical device to monitor physiological processes (HR/tension) Learning by observing Stressful thoughts are replaced with constructive ones Practicing dealing with stressful events |
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What are the three main types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)? What are three other CAM practices? What type of people use CAM? |
Manipulative and body based methods - chiro/massage/reflexology Natural products - herbal products/supplements Mind-body interventions - yoga/mediation Energy fields/homeopathy/traditional Chinese medicine Western, educated, beliefs/values that line up with the method, usually Caucasian and live in Western provinces |
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What is hypochondriasis? What is it linked to? What is chronic fatigue syndrome? What type of psychotherapy has been effective? |
Tendency for people to worry excessively about their health despite physicians assurance they're not; linked to neuroticism Severe fatigue for >6 months (can be with headaches and sore throat); cognitive behavioural methods |
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What are three outcomes of a mismatch between the level of participation a patient wants, and how much the practitioners wants from them? |
1 - Patients have more stress during unpleasant medical procedures 2 - Patients are less likely to follow practitioner's advice 3 - Dissatisfaction and interpersonal comfort can lead to a switch in doctors |
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What is the main focus of a doctor in 'doctor-centered' treatment? How do they classify the importance of symptoms? How do physicians in 'patient-centered' treat patients? Which type of treatment to patients prefer? |
Physician asks brief, yes/no, answer questions Don't listen to other problems patient tells, try to not get sidetracked Use open ended questions and get lots of possibly relevant information Patient centered feels more satisfying/reassuring |
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What is the estimated adherence rate of patients for medicine to treat acute illness with short-term treatment? Chronic illnesses with long-term regimens? |
67%; 50-55% |
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A person's adherence depends on what three characteristics? |
The illness/regimen - changing habits/complex/lots of meds/dietary/duration, expense, and side effects of treatment The person - young kids follow diets/middle aged people make errors in following meds/literacy/SES/beliefs and customs The interactions between practitioner & patient - communication |
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Why do physicians believe clients with serious illness don't adhere more than those with less serious illness? What are five types of rational nonadherence? |
More serious = usually less symptomatic (lowers adherence) Less serious = usually more symptomatic (increases adherence) Reason to believe meds not working Side effects are reducing Q.o.L. Are confused about when to take it/how much Don't have $$$ to refill Withdraw to see if the illness is still there |
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What three methods help increase adherence? What are four behavhioural methods? |
Motivational interviewing, social support, behavioural methods Tailoring regimen, providing prompts/reminders, self-monitoring, behavioural contracting |
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What's the most common/pervasive emotion of hospitalized people? What is a negative way practitioners interact with patients? Give four reasons why they interact this way |
Anxiety Through depersonalization 1 - Distance themselves so the patient doesn't interfere with their work 2 - Awkward/anxiety/patient trouble 3 - High stress environment leading to less-personalized care 4 - Emotionally protect themselves (patient dies, not emotionally invested) |
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What is reactance? |
People's angry response when they feel controlled/freedom is threatened (used in medical setting with some problem patients)
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A cognitive process in ill/injured patients in coping is blame, what is blame attributed to?
What happens when you place a presurgery patient with a post-op roommate? What if they're both presurgery?
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Poor adjustment (mostly for anger/bitterness) Treatment process makes them feel helpless Less anxiety before operation, more activity after operation, leave 1.4 days earlier on avg More anxiety for both of them |
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What are the three types of approaches designed to give a patient control before surgery? |
Behavioural control - performing certain actions to reduce discomfort/increase recovery Cognitive control - focuses on positive aspects of surgery and not negative aspects Informational control - knowledge about the events/sensations to expect during and after |
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What happens when toddlers/preschool-age children are put in hospitals and experience long-term separation from their parents? Why? |
Prolonged/difficult stay leads to anxious behaviour at home, nightmares, and being very clingy; don't understand things yet and may interpret illness/treatment as punishment ("if you don't wear your jacket you'll get a cold" |
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What are four aspects of hospitalization that become increasingly difficult for children as they get older? |
Personal control - greater cognitive/social abilities strengthen sense of control, limited independence/influence in hospital leads to distress Cognitive abilities - increased cognition lets them think of the possible negative outcomes Loneliness - Being away leads to loneliness/concern of losing friends Embarrassment - embarrassment about needing help with private activities |
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What three factors affect whether a child will have positive or negative effects from information being presented shortly before medical procedure? |
Age - Under 7 = benefit if shown immediately before; older benefit if shown few days prior Experience - Prior difficult experience makes information anxiety-inducing for young kids, moreso than with older kids Coping - Avoidance/blunters get less benefits than attention/monitors |
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What are four psychological characteristics are common in people with CVD? What are the three scales in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? What's the point of using it? What are two other scales/diagnostics? |
Depression, pessimism, anxiety, low personal control Hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria (coping by avoidance & developing physical symptoms) Tells physicians and health psychologists what to look out for in the patient Millon Behavioural Medicine Diagnositc (MBMD); Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) |
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Should children be told about their terminally ill status? What is the response of an adolescent/young adult when they find out they're terminally ill? Why are elderly people least affected by being diagnosed with terminal illness? |
Yes, in an open/honest/sensitive manner Anger/emotional distress as they realize it is very untimely It is less unexpected/less shocking |
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What are three types of stress terminal patients experience? When do people adapt to dying with little anger/depression? What are the five stages of adjustment to dying? What's something to note? |
Physical effects of worsening conditions - pain/difficulty breathing/sleeplessness/loss of bowl control Alter style of living - restricting activity/high dependence on others Realizing end of life is near When there's low pain, have social support, satisfied in life, and have history of coping well with life Denial->Anger->Bargaining->Depression->Acceptance; not always 100% accurate |
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When the terminal phase begins (worsening condition, no treatment to reverse progress toward death), what sort of care is begun? What are the results of it? What are examples of advance health care directives? What are four essential elements in hospice care? |
Palliative care - Reducing pain/discomfort/increasing QoL Lower depression and anxiety rates, higher survival rates Living wills and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders Place of choice; maximize their abilities; address all family members' needs; follow-up care for family after patient's death |
