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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age
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Traditional approach
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Emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood
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Life-span approach
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The upper boundary of the ______ is based on the oldest age documented -- 122 years
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Human Life Span
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The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live
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Life Expectancy
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Maximum life span of humans has ____ since the beginning of recorded history
Life expectancy increased by ___ years in the 20th century |
not changed
30 years |
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Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes are:
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-Inextricably intertwined
-bidirectional -influence developmental periods |
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Refers to a time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features
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Developmental period
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Life-span developmentalists who focus on adult development and aging increasingly describe life-span development in terms of four “ages”
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-first age: childhood and adolescence
-second age: prime adulthood, 20s - 50s -third age: approximately 60 to 79 years -fourth age: approximately 80 years and older |
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Conceptualizing Age:
Chronological age- Biological age- Psychological age- Social age- |
-number of years since birth
-age in terms of biological health -individual’s adaptive capacities -society’s age expectations |
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_____ refers to an organism’s biological inheritance
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Nature
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_____ to its environmental experiences
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Nurture
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______ is the result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life
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Stability
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The pattern of movement or change that starts at conception and continues through the human life span.
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development
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Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
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life-span perspective
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The setting in which development occurs that is influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors
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context
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Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.
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normative age-graded influences
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Biological and environmental influences that are associated with history. These influences are common to people of a particular generation.
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normative history-graded influences
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Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life. The occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals.
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nonnormative life events
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The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation.
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culture
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Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures.
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cross-cultural studies
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A range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language.
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ethnicity
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Refers to the conceptual grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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The psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male.
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gender
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A national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
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social policy
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The debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.
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nature-nurture issue
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The debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change.
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stability-change issue
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The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
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continuity-discontinuity issue
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A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions
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theory
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Assertions or predictions, often derived from theories, that can be tested.
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hypotheses
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Theories that hold that development depends primarily on the unconscious mind and is heavily couched on emotions, and that behavior is merely a surface characteristic.
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psychoanalytic theories
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A psychoanalytic theory in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the human life span.
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Erikson's theory
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The theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
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Piaget's theory
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A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
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Vygotsky's theory
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A theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
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information-processing theory
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Theories that hold that development can be described in terms of the behaviors learned through interactions with the environment.
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behavioral and social cognitive theories
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The theory that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding development.
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social cognitive theory
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An approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
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ethology
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Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
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An approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best in many theories.
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eclectic theoretical orientation
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Observation that occurs in a real-world setting without an attempt to manipulate the situation.
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naturalistic observation
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A test that is given with uniform procedures for administration and scoring.
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standardized test
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An in-depth examination of an individual.
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case study
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This type of research aims to observe and record behavior.
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descriptive research
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The goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics
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correlational research
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A number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
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correlation coefficient
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A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated and all other factors are held constant.
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experiment
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A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.
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cross-sectional approach
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A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
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longitudinal approach
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Effects that are due to a subject's time of birth or generation but not age.
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cohort effects
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_______ said that it was important to understand that development is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
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Paul Baltes
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Development is ______:
In the life-span perspective, early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; rather, ______ period dominates development. |
Lifelong
no age |
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Development is ______:
Whatever your age, your body, your mind, your emotions, and your relationships are changing and affecting each other. |
Multidimensional
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Development consist of _____, _____, and ______ dimensions.
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biological, cognitive, & socioemotional
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Development is _______:
Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink. |
Multidirectional
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Development is ______:
Meaning that it has capacity for change. |
Plastic
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______ means the capacity for change.
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plasticity
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Developmental science is ___:
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share interest in unlocking mysteries of development. |
Multidisciplinary
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Development is _______:
All development occur within a certain setting. (examples: families, schools, neighborhoods,peer groups...) |
Contexual
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Context, like individuals change. As a result of changes contexts exert three types of influences:
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1. normative age-graded influences
2. normative history-graded influences 3. nonnormatvie or highly individualized life events. |
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Health, parenting, and education- like development itself- are all shaped by their ________.
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Sociocultural context
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To analyze sociocultural context, 4 concepts are useful:
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1. culture
2. ethnicity 3. socioeconomic status 4. gender |
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The _____ period of development is the time from conception to birth.
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prenatal
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The _____ period of development is from birth to 18/24 months.
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Infancy
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During the ______ period of development it is a time of extreme dependence upon adults.
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Infancy
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During the _____ period of development many psychological activities- language, symbolic thoughts, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning, for example- are just beginning.
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Infancy
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The _____ period of development ranges for the end of infancy to the age of 5 or 6.
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Early childhood
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During the ____ period of development they learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school readiness skills, and spend many hours in play with peers.
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Early childhood
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The _____ period of development ranges from about 6-11 years old.
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Middle and late childhood
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During the _____ period of development fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are mastered.
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Middle and late childhood
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During the _____ period of development the child is formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
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Middle and late childhood
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During the _____ period of development achievement becomes a more central theme of the child's world, and self-control increases.
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Middle and late childhood
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The ______ period of development is a transition from childhood to early adulthood, from around 10-22 years of age.
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Adolescence
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In the ____ period of development, the pursuit of independence and an identity are prominent.
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Adolescence
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In the ____ period of development, thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic.
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Adolescence
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The ____ period of development ranges from the late teens- the thirties
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Early adulthood
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During the _____ period it is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
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Early adulthood
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The _____ period of development is approximately from 40-60 years old.
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Middle adulthood
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During the _____ period of development it is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility.
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Middle adulthood
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The _____ period of development begins in the sixties- until death.
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Late adulthood
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During the ____ period it is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles involving decreasing strength and health.
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Late adulthood
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Many developmentalists who emphasize stability in development argue that stuability is the result of _____ and possibly early experiences in life.
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heredity
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The scientific method is essentially a four-step process:
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1. conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
2. collect data 3. analyze data 4. draw conclusions |
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_____ listened and analyzed his patients and became convinced that their problems were the result of experiences early in life.
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Sigmund Freud
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He thought that as children grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shift from the mouth to the anus and eventually the genitals.
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Sigmund Freud
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Freud said that we go through 5 stages of psychosexual development:
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1. oral
2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital |
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_____ claimed that our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
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Sigmund Freud
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Many of today's psychoanalytic theorists believe that Freud over-emphasized ______; they place more emphasis on _____ as determinants of an individual's development.
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sexual instincts
cultural experiences |
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In Freud's ____ psychosexual stage, it lasts from birth to 1.5 years.
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Oral
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In the ____ stage, infants pleasure centers on the mouth.
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oral psychosexual
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In Freud's ____ psychosexual stage, it last from 1.5-3 years
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Anal
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In the _____ stage, child's pleasure focuses on the anus.
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anal psychosexual
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In Freud's ____ psychosexual stage, it last from 3-6 years
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Phallic
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In the ____ stage, a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals.
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phallic psychosexual
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In Freud's ____ psychosexual stage, it ranges from 6 years- puberty
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Latency
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In the ____ stage, a child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills.
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latency psychosexual
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In Freud's ____ pyschosexual stage, it occurs from puberty onward.
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Genital
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In the ____ stage, it is a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family.
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genital psychosexual
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____ said that we develope in psychosocial stages, rather than in psychosexual stages.
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Erik Erikson
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According to ____, the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature; according to ____, it is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people.
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Freud; Erikson
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According to _____, developmental change occurs throughout the life span; according to _____, our basic personality is shaped in the first five years of life.
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Erikson; Freud
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_____ believed that at each of his stages, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
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Erik Erikson
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_____- One of Erikson's psychosocial stage said that trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be good and pleasant place to live.
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Trust vs mistrust
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______- One of Erikson's theory that said this stage they start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy.
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt
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_____- One of Erickson's stage that says as preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face new challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior.
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Initiative vs guilt
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______- One of Erikson's theory that says children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.
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Industry vs inferiority
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_____- One of Erikson's psychosocial stages it says that individuals face finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
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Identity vs identity confusion
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_____- One of Erikson's psychosocial stages that says individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships.
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Intimacy vs isolation
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_____- One of Erikson's psychosocial stages says that primarily a concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
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Generativity vs stagnation
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_____- One of Erikson's psychosocial stages says that if a person's life review reveals a life well spent, intergrity will be achieved, if not the retrospective glances likely will yield doubt or gloom.
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Integrity vs despair
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Trust versus mistrust is during _____.
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infancy (first year)
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt is during _____.
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infancy (1-3 years)
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Initiative versus guilt is during ______.
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Early childhood (preschool years, 3-5 years)
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Industry versus inferiority occurs during ______.
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middle and late childhood (elementary, 6- to puberty)
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Identity versus identity confusion occurs during ____
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adolescence
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Intimacy versus isolation occurs during _____.
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early adulthood (20's & 30's)
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Generativity versus stagnation occurs during _____.
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Middle adulthood (40's & 50's)
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Integrity versus despair occurs during ______.
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Late adulthood (60's onward)
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_____, ______, and ______ all shape a nation's social policy.
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Values
economics politics |
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Changes in an individual's physical nature
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biological processes
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Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
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cognitive processes
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Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality.
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socioemotional processes
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In ______ theory, each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world.
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Piaget's
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He believed that the child's cognition is qualitatively different in one stage compared with another.
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Piaget
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Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Delevelopment was:
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-Sensorimotor stage
-preoperational stage -concrete operational stage -formal operational stage |
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Piaget's sensorimotor stage occurs during _____
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birth to 2 years of age
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Piagets peroperational stage occurs during_____
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2 to 7 years of age
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Piaget's concrete operational stage occurs during _______
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7 to 11 years of age
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Piaget's formal operational stage occurs during____
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11 years through adulthood
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During this stage: this particular age group constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
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Sensorimotor stage
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During this stage: this particular age group progresses form reflexive, instinctual action to the beginning of symbolic throught toward the end of the stage.
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Sensorimotor stage
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During this stage: this particular age group begins to represent the world with words and images that reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action.
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Preoperational stage
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During this stage: this particular age group can now reason logically about actual events and classify objects into different sets.
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Concrete Operational stage
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He reasoned that children actively construct their knowledge. However, he gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development that Piaget did.
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Lev Vygotsky
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He stesses that cognitive development involves learning to use the inventions of society, such as language, mathematical systems, and memory strategies.
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Lev Vygotsky
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He believes that individuals percieve, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information, they are thinking.
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Robert Siegler
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He emphasizes that an important aspect of development is learning good strategies for processing information.
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Robert Siegler
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