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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SCHEMAS:
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Mental structures people use to organize info from the social world around them
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Self- Fulfilling prophecy
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when our expectations about someone influence the way we treat them, and the way we treat them leads that person to act in the way we expected all along
when our expectations about someone influence the way we treat them, and the way we treat them leads that person to act in the way we expected all along |
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HEURISTICS
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Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently
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AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC:
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make judgments based on how easily something comes to mind
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ANCHORING & ADJUSTMENT:
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A mental shortcut whereby we start with some figure in mind and adjust (up or down) from this point, often fail to adjust as much as needed
-ex. is the pop of turkey more than 20,000,000? its actually 77,000,000 but we anchored our answer around that number |
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automatic thinking: 2 types
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heuristic and schemas
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CONTROLLED THINKING
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Conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful
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COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING:
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Mentally changing aspects of the past to imagine what might have been
E.g., “If I hadn’t forgot my passport, I wouldn’t have missed my flight” |
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counterfactual thinking and olympic medal winners
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Silver medalists:
Less happy More counterfactual thinking “I could have won gold” Bronze medalists: More happy Less counterfactual thinking “At least I got a medal” |
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pros and cons of counter factual thinking
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pro: can improve for next time
cons: Can lead to rumination, where we repeatedly focus on negative things |
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THOUGHT SUPPRESSION
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The attempt to avoid thinking about something a person would prefer to forget
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2 part process of thought suppression
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1. Monitoring system – searches for unwanted thoughts
2. Operating system – distracts from unwanted thoughts |
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when is thought suppression most difficult?
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Under cognitive load (distraction, tired, etc.), thought suppression is more difficult
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cost of thought suppression:
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-stressful: decreases immune functioning
for ex. Write about personal topic for 3 days Some told to suppress thoughts of writing topic Thought suppression decrease in immune functioning |
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stereotyping and schemas
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-increases speed of recall for schema consistent info
ex. Asked to rate english and french canadians, could answer faster about steretypical characteristics -used to fill in the blanks about people |
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what does the shoot no shoot game suggest?
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-that stereotyping can have life or death consequences
-the black person holding a gun matches better with peoples schemas of black people, so they were more likely to shoot hte black person wether he was a holding a gun or not -fast decisions=automatic thinking |
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korsakov's syndrome
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-have difficulty forming schemas
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accessility
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the extent ot which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of ur mids and therefore are likely to be used when we are making judgements about hte social world
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schemas can be accessibile for 3 reasons:
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1chronically accessible to due to past experiences
2 related to a current goal 3 temporarily acessable because of recent experiences |
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priming
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recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema trait or concept
-occurs quickly unintentionally and unconsciously |
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perseverance effect
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peoples beliefs about themselves and the social world persist even after the evidence supporting these beleifs is discreditied
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experiment that highlights the perseverance effect:
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try to find which suicide notes were real or fake
-get positive or negative feedback -told feedback was a lie, but people still thought they did better or worse based on the feedback -because they had formed a schema of themselves as either food or bad |
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how did the teachers in the rosenthal study help create the self fulfilling prophecy
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they were more warm to the bloomeres
they gave them more difficult material more feedback on work gave them more chances to respond in class |
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availability heuristic
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people base judment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
the problem iwth it is that sometimes what comes to mind easiest is not typical of the over all picutre |
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representative heuristic
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people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
we rely on this when deciding if people belong to a particular category -can make you ignore the base rate |
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the monitoring process
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searches for evidence that the unwanted thought is abot to intrude on consciousness.
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the operating process
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the controlled part of the thought suppression system
-attempt ot distract onesself by finding something else to think about - |
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how do the monitoring process and the operating process work in tandem for thought suppression?
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trying to keep kid away from fast food
monitoring parent : alert! theres a macdonalds operating parent: look kid, theres a statueof spongebob |
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what happens to thought suppression when the person is tired or distracted?
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-the monitoring process still works, but goes undistracted by the operating process
-this creates a state of hyperaccessibility, in which the unwanted thought occurs with high frequency |
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cognitive load
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when we are tired or preoccupied: this makes it more likely that thoughts will spill out unchecked
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over confidence barrier
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the barrier that results when people have to much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements people's judgements are usually not as correct as they think
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