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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why do we join groups
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Basic human need
Evolutionary aid to survival, helps with food, safety, mates -aspect of identity |
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Subjective construal is greater than....
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objective circumstances
this means that how comeone sees a situation matters more than the actual situation |
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Stanfor prison experiment emphasizes the pwer of the situation because:
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normal students become sadistic guards
depressed, passive prisoners |
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Stanford prison experiment emphasizes the importance of subjective construal
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subjective construal: prisoners powerless, guards can do whatever they want
-prison has psychological reality |
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Zimbardo describes the Charles Graner case in Iraq as
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a bad barrel converting good apples to bad apples
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What is a group
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2+ people who interact and are interdependent
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why do we join groups?
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-basic human need
-evolutionary aid to survival -important aspect of identity |
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social roles
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shared expectations by group members about how particular members are to behave
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what did we learn from the chocolate factory game?
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when the person did simple task (just putting the kiss in the cup) they did better in front of the class.
When they did the challenging task, using chopsticks to shoot the kiss, they performed worse in front of the class. This is the effect being observed has on task performance. |
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When doing a simple task in front of audience you will perform...
as illustarted in |
better.
cockroach going strait down a hallway performed better in front of audience. Going across maze, performed worse in front of audience. |
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the social facilitation theory
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-presence of others=arousal
-Arousal=dominant response favored (good at easy, bad at hard) |
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social loafing hteory
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Worse on simple tasks (e.g., yelling, clapping)
Better on complex tasks (e.g., large orchestra playing difficult new piece) |
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groups do well wehn
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-there are demonstratable right answers
-ie. smart kid can convince everyone - |
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process loss
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aspects of group interaction inhibit good problem solving
highlights: -failure to share unique info -group polarization -groupthink |
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In the experiment where physicians were asked to diagnose hypothetical medical cases.......
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there was failure ot share unique info. Physicians only talked about info the y all shared.
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group polarization:
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The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than initial inclinations of group member
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Group polarization and who is goig to win the stanley cup
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person 1: 60% chance
Person 2: 80% chance person 3: 85% chance If they come together and talk about this, and make a more extreme decision: 90% |
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group think
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A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
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group think is mostly likely to coccur in these 3 circumstances:
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-Highly cohesive group
-Isolated from other opinions -Directive leader who makes opinions know |
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groups help to establish ___ ____ the explicit or implicit rules defining what is acceptable behaviour
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social norms
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why isnt the university you go to considered a social group?
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because you cant interact with all members
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why are most group members similar? 2pnts
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because grops attract peopel that are similar to being with
groups operate in ways that encourage similarity |
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when are social roles problematic?
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wen roles are arbitrary or unfair: ie. gender roles
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group cohesiveness
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qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking among them
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Why does the presence of others increase arousal in social facilitation?
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1. other people cause us to become alert
2 they make us apprehensive about how we are being evaluated 3 they are distracting |
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concern about being judged
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evaluation apprehension: causes mild arousal
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When groups work on a task anonymously over computers, what happens
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-people submit more ideas
-people submit more controversial ideas -people who were uncomfortable with the ideas stopped contributing |
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who is the tendency to social loaf stronger in men or women?
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men
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deinidivudaiton
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the loosening of normal constraints on behaviour when people are in a group, leading to an increase in impulsivity
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what about deindividuation leads to impulsive acts? 3pnts.
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1makes people feel less accountable (less likely they will be singled out and blamed)
2 lowers self awareness as we are focussing more on enviornment than own morals 3 tendency to obey group norms |
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process loss
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any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
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examples of process loss:
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1communication problems
failure to share unique info group think |
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transactive memory
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the combined memory of 2 people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual
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group think is likely to occur if...5 pnts
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1the group is highly cohesive
2isolated 3has a directed leader 4has high stress (perceived threats to the group) 5Has ppor decision making procedures |
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4 ways to avoid group think
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1remain impartial
2seek outside opinions 3create sub groups 4seek anonymous opinions |
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the social comparison theory of group polarization
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most people will wait to hear what the group thinks is right and tailor there answer to be right.
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great person theory
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the theory that certain key personality traits make a good leader, regardless of the nature of the situation they are in (this is probably not true
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In the study of presidents and leader ship abilities, the only 3 correlatess with leadership effectiveness were being..
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tall, from a small family and having published many books
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contingency theory of leadership
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leadership effectiveness depends on how task oriented or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has on the group
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task oriented leaders;
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a leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with the feelings of and relationship among the workers. THey do well in high control work situations :the work is well defined
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social dilemmas
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a conflict in which teh most beneficial action for an inidividual (if chosen by most people, will have harmful effects for everyone)
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does using threats to resolve confllct work?
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no. As shown in the trucking bolt and acme experiment, when the gate "threat" was introduced both participants made less money
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negotiation
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a form of communication between opposing sides in conflict in which offers and counter offers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
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integrative solution
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the parties make trade offs on issues according to their different interests, each side gives in on the issues that are unimportant to them
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