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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sensation? What is perception? |
Processing basic information from the external world by sensory receptors in sense organs and brain
Processing/organizing/interpreting sensory info |
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In addition to habituation, how else is infant visual perception studied? |
Preferential-looking technique - showing two patterns, or a pattern on one and none on the other. If the infant focuses on one, they can differentiate Or..: Infants, like adults, look at things that are interesting/stimulating or familiar. This is paradoxical in that they show novelty/familiarity preferences in different contexts |
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The preferential-looking technique assesses visual acuity [how clearly they can see]. Explain why infants have low visual acuity (20/120), making them prefer patterns w/high contrast At what age do infants get close to adult vision acuity? At what age is it complete? At what age do infants get similar colour vision? |
They have poor contrast sensitivity due to immature cones [different size & shape] than in adulthood. Less light is processed than by adults (2% vs 65% of the light that reaches the fovea) and colours are poorly coordinated
8 months, 6 years, 2-3 months |
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What are two issues with infants' visual scanning abilities?
In addition to visual scanning and acuity, what else does visual perception include? What types of motions do infants prefer? |
Internal saccades: Poor visual scanning - under 2 months old only concentrate on edges/perimeter of things like faces Eye movement is jerky until ~2-3 months Pattern perception - ex. illusory square that even infants recognize Biological motions over non-biological motions |
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What is perceptual constancy? Ex? Empiricists argue perception of constant size/shape of objects comes from spatially experiencing environment whereas nativists argue its from inherent nervous system properties. What support is there for the nativist view? |
Perceiving constant size/shape/colour/etc of physical differences despite physical differences in the retinal image of the object Person moves away from us, yet we know he's not getting smaller Cube showed at varying distances; gave two cubes afterwards to the infant; one the original (shown at different distances) and one a large one; infants looked more at the new one as it was different in size |
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Another type of perceptual ability is object segregation, what is this? What is a very important component in object segregation? Why is it considered so powerful of a cue? Why is it specifically so powerful in infants? Is object segregation learned or innate? |
Identifying separate object in a visual arrary Common motion - two segments moving together with the same speed and direction It will consider things a single object even if they're different in colour/texture/shape Draws attention to the relevant aspects of scene Learned ~2 months and use general knowledge to assist in it |
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Relative to depth perception, what is optical expansion? If an object is coming ehad on, it increases in size symmetrically. This would tell an adult to 'duck', but what does a baby do instead? What was found in preterm infants? |
Object gets bigger and background smaller as object gets closer Blinks; they don't blink - telling us that maturation develops this |
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What is binocular disparity?
Stereopsis happens due to the maturation of the visual cortex at around four months, what happens in stereopsis? Caused by? Resulting in? At 6-7 months infants get monocular depth cues (pictorial cues), why are they called monocular? What's an important monocular cue? |
Because of the distance between the eyes, the retinal image is never the same in both eyes, making the eyes send different signals to brain Visual cortex combines different neural signals; binocular disparity; depth perception Can see depth with only one eye Relative size |
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What three things are improved in infancy to lead to better auditory perception? Give two reasons why auditory localization is worse in infants than toddlers/children/adults |
Better sound conduction from outer to middle to inner ear Auditory pathways in brain mature Auditory localization Small heads making sound travel around their heads too fast They don't have an auditory map because it requires multimodal experiences where infants integrate info they hear w/what they see/touch |
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How are infants' music perception similar to adults'? How are infants' music perception different to adults'? |
Prefer consonant music instead of dissonant music Infants have better melodic perception and musical rhythm |
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Why do infants prefer faces to non-face objects, like bullseyes?
When do infants begin to prefer their mother's faces over unfamiliar ones? What sort of adult faces to they prefer? |
They prefer objects with more information on top than on the bottom Within days of birth Attractive ones (symmetry & averageness |
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What are the two types of infant touch? What are the benefits of each? |
Oral exploration - Learn about their own bodies and about objects Manual exploration (~4 months) - visually look at and manipulate objects |
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What is intermodal perception? Ex.? Give an example of infants combining: Oral/visual Visual/tactile Audio/visual |
Combining information from 2(+) sensory systems (starts at ~1 month) Combining auditory and visual stimulation of item dropping as one coherent event Shown picture of pacifier that had been in their mouth, and a novel one -- they stared longer at the one that was in their mouth Can recognize rings visually that they previously had only felt Like synchronized sountracks more [as early as 2 months, and can detect mismatches in heard and seen speech in different languages ] |
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Reflexes are innate, fixed patterns of actions that happen in response to particular stimulation. What are four neonatal reflexes? Are these reflexes automatic? Strong reflexes mean what? What sort of reflexes stay throughout life? |
Grasping - grabbing anything in their palm Rooting - stroked on cheek near mouth they turn to it (ie feeding breastmilk) Sucking/swallowing - from oral contact w/nipple for survival/nourishment Tonic neck - extends opposite hand and leg and looks toward hand to keep hand in view? No.. ex. rooting happens more when hungry A good healthy CNS Coughing/sneezing/blinking/withdrawal from pain x` |
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How are motor milestones different among infants? Ex? |
Different cultures treat kids differently Ex. Chinese & Paraguay restrict kids movement, African don't... African kids have advanced motor skill development. Diapers/naked also change it |
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Infants are limited to pre-reaching movements, clumsy swiping in general vicinity of objects they see. What happens at 3-4 months? What three things happen when infants are given sticky mittens? What two things happen at 7 months? What does this lead to? |
Successful reaching occurs Increased interest in objects and ability to reach independently for them and social world by playing w/caregivers more elaborately Can sit independently and reaching is stable/fluid This leads to increased 3D visual perception as they can manipulate objects more, this manipulation affects infants a year later |
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At around 8 months, infants become self-locomotive, what does this mean? What does walking allow for? Independent walking, characterized by wide feet/slight bend in knees and hips/hands in air, occurs at what age? |
Can move themselves around environment w/out depending on someone else More visual information than crawling 11/12 months |
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What are scale errors? What are these errors a result of? |
Young children trying to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the kid and object Failure to integrate visual info represented in two different areas of the brain in the service of action |
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What are six ways infants learn?
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Associative learning (associating events together; intermodal matching) Statistical learning Classical conditioning - associating US with CS that'll give CR Operant/instrumental learning - +reinforcement Imitation/social learning Rational learning |
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What is habituation? How does it relate to cognition? What two things are important in perception? Ex.? |
Less attention to familiar things enables paying attention to new things
Fast habituation = higher IQ later Differentiation - extracting elements that are stable from the constantly changing stimulation in the environment Tone of voice and facial expression Affordances - possibilities for action offered by objects/situations |
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What is statistical learning? What are three ways? Explain the Goldilocks effect in statistical learning |
Detecting predictable patterns in stimuli Speech - detect probability of a word being a word Music Visual perception Infants enjoy patterns that aren't too easy/too hard/just right |
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How does classical conditioning relate to learning for infants? What two things does instrumental conditioning/operant conditioning include? What six things do we know about infant observational learning/imitation? |
Nipple = US Sucking reflex = UR Bottle = CS Sucking reflex = CR Positive reinforcement and contingency relation Imitation is flexible (analyze reason for person's behaviour); judge credibility of person; imitate what people intend to do; reproduce human actions but not inanimate objects; imitate other kids; imitate things on screens |
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Give an example of neonates and operant conditioning
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Infants suck harder/faster if it consistently makes a pleasurable sensation (ex. fun noise) |
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What types of people to infants imitate?
14 month olds imitate members of family based on? As kids get older they are more likely to imitate people that are? |
Familiar, in-group people Language More accurate More knowledgeable Share arbitrary characteristic w/them (shirt colour) |
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What is rational learning? What is the violation-of-expectancy procedure? Hint: used to study infant cognition Give an ex. of violation-of-expectancy being used in an experiment |
Using prior experiences to predict what will happen in the future Infant shown an event that should evoke surprise/interest if it violates something the infant knows/assumes to be true Infants looked longer when experimenter removed white balls from a mainly red ball box than when she removed red balls |
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What sort of physical knowledge do infants have? What sort of social knowledge to infants pick up on? |
Gravity Behaviour of other's being goal-directed & purposive (doesn't copy inanimate object tho) |
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What is perceptual attunement? |
At birth, infants have broad perceptual abilities (can differentiate between faces of their own and different ethnicities [as well as faces of other species]; differentiate between sounds of their own and other languages; differentiate between rhythms from their own and other cultures Differentiation abilities decline in first year due to only paying attention to differences in stimuli that are relevant to them Non-native differentiation declines; native differentiation improves. |
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What did the prof learn in intermodal processing during his experiment regarding infants detecting mismatches from languages that they don't even speak? What does this show evidence for? Why don't 11 month olds do this? |
6 month old infants look more at the mouth during incongruent speech during Hindi movies and look more at the eyes during congruent speech Evidence that infants detect content mismatches even in unfamiliar languages Perceptual narrowing |
