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39 Cards in this Set
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Is there developmental consistency in children's readiness to engage in prosocial beahviours? Prosocial behaviours should be guided by altruistic motives, what are these? |
Yes, in behaviours like sharing/helping/comforting Helping others for reasons like empathy/sympathy, and eventually to act consistent with one's conscience and moral principles. |
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What is empathy? What are the two requirements to empathy? |
Emotional reaction to another's emotional state/condition [sadness/poverty] that is similar to the other person's state/condition Child must identify the emotion of others Child must understand another person is feeling an emotion/is in need |
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What is sympathy? What's the difference between empathy and sympathy? |
Concern for another in reaction to the other's emotional state/condition The element of concern - people who experience sympathy for another person aren't just feeling the same emotion |
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Piaget thought children can't take the persepctive of others [necessary for sympathy/empathy] until about 6-7 years old. When is it now thought to be? When do children share a personal object with an adult who was harmed/comfort an adult who is injured or distressed/help an adult retrieve a dropped object/help achieve goals? |
8-14 months
18-25 months |
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When do children begin comforting someone who is upset instead of becoming upset themselves [indicates they know who is suffering]? Two, three, and four year olds are consistent in what sort of prosocial behaviour? Two-Three year olds help in? Two, three, and four year olds don't help in? |
Age two Instrumental need [giving puzzle pieces to complete puzzle] Help someone in emotional distress Material desire [sharing their food/stickers] |
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Prosocial behaviours like helping/sharing/donating increase in frequency from toddlerhood until? Until? |
Childhood, until mid-adolescence and rebounds in late adolescence/early adulthood
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What are the two biological/nature theories as to why people are prosocial? Evolutionary explanations for prosocial behaviour don't explain what? |
People who help others are more likely than less helpful people to be assisted when they themselves are in need and, thus, are more likely to survive and reproduce
Assisting those with whom they share genes increases the likelihood that those genes will be passed on to the next generation Individual differences in empathy/sympathy/pro social behaviour |
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How do we know there is a genetic factor in individaul differences in empathy/sympathy/pro socialness?
What gene might contribute to individual differences in prosocial behaviour? |
Twin studies where twins show more similar scores than fraternal twins
Oxytocin |
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How does the genetic factor of temperament affect empathy/sympathy/pro social behaviour?
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Regulating emotion - experiencing emotion w/out getting overwhelmed = more sympathetic and prosocial Regulating emotion is related to theory of mind, and theory of mind predicts prosocial behaviour |
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What are the three views of children's moral development? |
Innately evil - society must overcome young children's selfish tendencies Innately good - society corrupts young children's good nature Amoral - young children have no sense of morality |
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How do children reason morally? Researchers study moral reasoning using explicit responses. What is meant by explicit? When do Piaget and Kohlberg believe moral reasoning occurs? |
Same behaviour can be moral/immoral depending on the underlying motivations Asking kid to deliberately think of a situation and provide verbal response Late childhood/adulthood |
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What did Piaget find when conducting structured interviews? Ex? |
Children under ages 6/7 focus on outcomes instead of intentions Accidentally breaking 10 plates is naughtier than purposely breaking 5. |
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What are the three stages of moral development as outlined by Jean Piaget?
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Morality of constraint [under 7 years] - moral rules dictated by authority Transitional period [7-10 years] - rules are constructed and can be changed Autonomous morality [>11 years] - consider fairness/equality when evaluating moral rules |
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What are the three stages of moral reasoning as outlined by Kohlberg?
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Preconventional [childhood] - concerned with self-interest and external consequences. Obeying rules to avoid punishments and get rewards
Conventional [adolescence] - concerned with following rules/norms to maintain social order Post-conventional [adulthood] - concerned with basic human rights and self-defined ethics |
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In the Hamlin/Wynn/Bloom 2007 study, answer:
Do infants only prefer helpers on a hill? Do infants always prefer helpers over hinderers? Do infants only prefer puppets that might benefit them? |
No, infants prefer helpers over hinderers in several scenarios Yes, infants make context-specific evaluations based on the main character's previous behaviour [good things happen to good people/vice versa] No, infants will take fewer crackers to avoid interacting with a hinderer [moral evaluation] |
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Are the following prosocial behaviours?: Because she wants to help her mom, a child attempts to put a toy back on a high shelf. The child cannot put the toy away because the shelf is too high. Without being asked to do so, a child puts her toys away because she gets a special snack when the play room is clean A child cleans up her messy play room because her mom demanded that she put her toys away. |
Yes,because she's intending to help the other person No, because she just wants it for her own snack No, because she's doing it because she has to |
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How do we know if infants just want to interact with the experimenter, instead of actually helping? |
Infants only hand objects back when the experimenter needs help |
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When children give their own treat to puppet, give a 'found' treat to puppet, or watches experimenter give treat to puppet, when is the child the happiest? |
Happier after giving than after receiving, happiest after giving own treat |
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Give two pieces of evidence for prosocial behaviour being nature, and one for being nurture
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Infants are prosocial w/out being asked Infants are prosocial when its costly to do so Social reinforcement positively associated w/helping early in life |
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What are the factors involved in family dynamics? |
- All family members influence one another, directly and indirectly through their behaviours - Family functioning is influenced by social supports parents receive from kin/friends/neighbours/social institutions [schools/places of worship] undermined by economic stresses [SES] - Developmentally parent-child interaction changes |
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Family dynamics can also be changes in what three things? What's important to keep in mind in regards to changes in family dynamics? |
Changes in parents [ex. beliefs in child rearing] Changes in marital relationship Changes in relationship of other family members Contribution of both nature [ex. temperament] of kids and parents, and nurture [parental behaviours] |
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What are the three ways parents affect children's socialization? |
Direct instructors - Directly teach kids skills/rules/strategies & explicitly tell/advise them on various issues Indirect socializers - Own behaviours unintentionally show skills/communicate info or rules/model attitudes & behaviours w/others Social managers - Manage kids' experiences/social lives including exposure to people/activities/information |
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Parenting style is mainly affected by what two factors? What are the four parenting styles? |
Warmth/responsiveness & demandingness Authoritative [high in both] Authoritarian [high demanding/low response] Rejecting/neglecting [low in both] Permissive [high response/low demanding] |
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How do authoritarian parents enforce behaviour/thinking? What do authoritarian parents tend to believe negative behaviour comes from? Positive? Authoritarian parents engage in what kind of control? |
Via parental power [threats/punishment] Negative behaviour = comes from child Positive behaviour = comes from external sources Engage in psychological control |
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What are four potential effects from authoritarian parenting?
Authoritative parents exert ____________ control when necessary, whereas authoritarian use ___________ and ______________ control |
Low social/academic competence Bullied more Difficulty coping w/stress Higher depression/delinquency/substance abuse Behavioural control; vs. behavioural and psychological control |
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What are five negative effects of permissive parenting? |
Low self control Externalizing problems Lower grades Worse behaviour/high substance abuse Lower self-esteem [self esteem is based on external approval, and expect this for doing nothing/minimal, and praise doesn't mean as much as its always occurring] |
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What are five negative effects of rejecting-neglectful parenting? |
Poor relationships w/other kids Antisocial/externalizing issues Internalizing issues like depression/social anxiety Substance abuse/risky sexual behaviour Problems which increase in adolescence |
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The four parenting styles: |
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Strictness such as scolding/shame/guilt don't predict negative outcomes in Chinese/Latino/African kids like it does in European kids. What still does predict negative outcomes? Why do these things not predict negative outcomes? |
Physical punishment Higher cultural value placed on strictness as it is seen as sign of warmth/closeness/protectiveness |
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What are two individual differences of children that affect parenting? |
Attractiveness Behaviour/temperament affect bi-directionality of parent-child relationship |
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How does SES influence parenting? How does education in SES affect parenting? How does environment in SES affect parenting? |
Low SES parents = authoritarian; make kids conform; see themselves as disciplinarians/providers High SES parents = authoritative; make kids autonomous/see themselves as teachers Higher education = more complex beliefs of parenting Low-SES might be more authoritarian to keep kids safe in bad neighbourhood High-SES are safer/less economically stressed and can focus on complex authoritative approach |
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Parenting is mostly done by mothers, or fathers? What does this allow for? Mothers spend time in what two types of care? Fathers spend less time with kids, but more time doing what? What three things does this lead to? |
Mothers, but paternal involvement is increasing in Canada More scientific control in studies Emotional & physical care Physical play for boys and girls -- better motor and cognitive development; better social/emotional/linguistic development when they grow up |
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How have Canadian families changed in: Age of parents Marriage Divorce Multiple partnerships Same-sex marriage |
Older when marrying [parental age is higher] Marriage rates gone down [more children born to unmarried parents] Divorce rates are higher More step-parents More same-sex parents/marriages |
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What are two reasons why age at childbirth has increased in Canada? How does parental education positively children? What are two caveats to this? |
Older when marrying, more family planning Older parents = higher education = adolescent's grades correlate highly with parental education & college students' degree expectations are higher when parents are more educated College students w/less educated parents have same success in college as kids w/educated parents; GPA & college satisfaction is same in both groups |
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Older parents tend to be richer, this helps protect against what things? |
Malnutrition [fruit/veggie intake; obesity] Depression [low SES = 2.5x more likely] Antisocial behaviour Low language development Low IQ |
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Older parents also have less harsh parenting and more satisfaction w/parenting. With older mothers having more positive emotions and sensitivity to children, and older fathers being more responsive/affectionate/verbally stimulating. What is the caveat to all of this? |
Many of these effects are studied on older parents of only children. Meaning benefits decrease for older parents once they have more than one child |
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Divorce can affect a kid in what five ways? |
Depression/anxiety Lower self-esteem Externalizing issues Lower grades Future divorce for themselves |
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How much a divorce affects a kid is based on what four factors? |
Parental conflict [before & after divorce] Stress [for custodial parent after divorce] Kid's age at divorce [different outcomes for different ages] Non custodial parent contact [different parenting styles between kids] |
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Girls with working mothers are more likely to think/do what three things? |
Reject traditional gender roles See benefit of maternal employment Have gender equality in family structures |
