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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nominal scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves nonordered categorical responses
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Qualitative data
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nonnumerical participant responses
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Quantitative data
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numerical data
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Ordinal scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses
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Interval scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced, but scores are not ratios of each other
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Ratio scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses, where scores are ratios of each other
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Likert scale
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a scale of responses that measures a participant's agreement or disagreement with different types of statements
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Reaction time
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measurement of the length of time to complete a task
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Construct validity
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indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure
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Nonverbal scale
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survey response that involves pictorial response categories for participants with low verbal skills
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Face validity
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on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid
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Interrater reliability
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a measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways
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Independent variable
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a variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in the experiment
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Presence/absence variable
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a variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment
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Bivalent independent variable
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an independent variable with two levels
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Type variable
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a variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment
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Amount variable
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variables that include levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level
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Multivalent variable
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an independent variable that includes three or more levels
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Quasi-independent/subject variable
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variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation
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Internal validity
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the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
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Confounding variable
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an extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results
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Experimenter bias
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a source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently based on knowledge of the hypothesis
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Single-blind design
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procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results
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Placebo
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a sugar pill given to the control group in a drug study to allow all groups to believe that they are receiving a treatment
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Double-blind design
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procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants
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Testing effects
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occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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Within-subjects variable
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each participant experiences all levels of the variable
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Between-subjects variable
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each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable
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Counterbalance
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a control used in within-subjects experiments where different participants are assigned in equal numbers to the different orders of the conditions
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Regression toward the mean
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can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average; the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable
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History effect
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events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias
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Maturation
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natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias
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Attrition/mortality
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occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
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External validity
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the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
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Hawthorne effect
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a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed
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Field experiment
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an experiment conducted in the participants' natural environment
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Demand characteristics
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a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose
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Response rate
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the percentage of people out of the total number available who response to a survey
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Population
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a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study
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Sample
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the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study
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Sampling error
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the difference between the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that population in a study
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Probability sample
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sample chosen such that individuals are chosen with a specific probability
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Convenience/purposive sample
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sample chosen such that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined
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sample random sample
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sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected
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Cluster sample
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sample chosen randomly from clusters identified in the population
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Stratified random sample
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sample chosen from the population such that the proportion of individuals with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample
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Internal validity
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the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
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External validity
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the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
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Haphazard/volunteer sample
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sample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen
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Quota sample
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sample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen with equivalent proportions of individuals for a specific characteristic in the population and sample
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Internet sample
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sample chosen from the population by recruiting on the internet
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Sampling error
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the difference between the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that population in a sample
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Descriptive statistics
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measure that help us summarize data sets
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Distribution
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a set of scores
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Central tendency
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representation of a typical score in a distribution
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Variability
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the spread of scores in a distribution
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Mean
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the calculated average of the scores in a distribution
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Median
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the middle score in a distribution, such that half of the scores are above and half are below that value
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Mode
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the most common score in a distribution
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Outliers
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extreme high or low scores in a distribution
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Reaction time
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measurement of the length of time to complete a task
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Range
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the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
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Standard deviation
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a measure representing the average difference between the scores and the mean of a distribution
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Variance
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the standard deviation of a distribution squared
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Degrees of freedom
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number of scores that can vary in the calculation of a statistic
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Frequency distribution
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a graph of a distribution showing the frequency of each response in the distribution
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Bar graph
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a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where the bar height represents the size of the mean
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Line graph
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a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where each mean is graphed as a point and the points are connected in a line to show differences between mean scores
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Scatterplot
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a graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals
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Predictor variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable
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Outcome variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable
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Inferential statistics
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a set of statistical procedures used by researchers to test hypotheses about populations
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Scientific/alternate hypothesis
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the hypothesis that an effect or relationship exists in the population
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Null hypothesis
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the hypotheses that an effect or relationship does not exist in the population
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Two-tailed hypothesis
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both directions of an effect or relationship are considered in the alternate hypothesis of the test
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One-tailed hypothesis
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only one direction of an effect or relationship is predicted in the alternate hypothesis of the test
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Distribution of sample means
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the distribution of all possible sample means for all possible samples from a population
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Alpha level
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the probability level used by researchers to indicate the cutoff probability level that will allow them to reject the null hypothesis
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P value
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probability value associated with an inferential test that indicates the likelihood of obtaining the data in a study when the null hypothesis is true
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Significant test
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the p value is less than or equal to alpha in an inferential test and the null hypothesis can be rejected
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Critical region
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the most extreme portion of a distribution of statistical values for the null hypothesis determined by the alpha level
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Type I error
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error made in a significance test when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true
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Type II error
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error made in a significance test when the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
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Power
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ability of a significance test to detect an effect or relationship when one exists
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