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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does senescence mean?
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The natural changing of the body over time. This refers to aging of the body. Also called biological aging.
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What does it mean to say there is significant “variability” in declines in physical well being during adulthood?
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Some people age better then others.
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What are two major ways that our body organs decline starting in early adulthood?
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Rigidity of the heart and poor lung capacity.
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What physical ability peaks in early adulthood?
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Ability to do activities involving speed.
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What physical ability peaks in one’s late 20s and early 30s?
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Ability to do activities that involve endurance.
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What are three major ways our respiratory and circulatory systems decline in late adulthood?
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The heart pumps with less force, circulation slows down, and lung capacity may be reduced as much as half.
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What is osteoporosis?
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a disease of the bones that creates a higher risk for fractures.
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What is one reason that women are at greater risk for osteoporosis than men?
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Mineral absorption decreases after menopause due to lack of estrogen.
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What are two ways people decrease their changes of getting osteoporosis?
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Exercise and calcium supplements.
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What is presbyopia?
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A condition that happens because the lens of the eye that stretches to adjust to light is very ridged and is harder to control.
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What are cataracts?
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Clouding on the eye/lens.
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What is macular degeneration?
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Vision problems that occur because of damage to the rods and cones in the macula. Can cause blindness.
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What part of the retina does macular degeneration effect the most?
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Rods and cones in the macula.
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What is presbycusis?
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The gradual loss of hearing as we get older.
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What types of sounds are most affected by presbycusis?
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Usually loss of hearing high frequency noises. Also loss of ability to discriminate complex tone patterns.
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Who suffers more hearing loss, men or women?
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Men.
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Where does weight gain generally occur for men? For women?
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Men: stomach and back. Women: stomach and arms.
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At what stage of adulthood does weight generally decline?
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Late adulthood.
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Name five benefits of exercise in adulthood?
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Reduced fat, greater muscle tone, lessened vulnerability to diseases, less risk for cancer, and improved mood.
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What is an autoimmune response?
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When your body responses to diseases and viruses.
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Name two examples of autoimmune response diseases?
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Rheumatic arthritis and adult-onset diabetes.
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Older adults go to bed _____ and wake up _____ than younger adults.
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earlier; earlier
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What is one reason that older men go to the bathroom frequently during the night?
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Enlargement of the prostate gland.
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What is sleep apnea?
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The stopping of breathing in your sleep.
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What is restless legs syndrome?
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a disorder in which there is an urge or need to move the legs to stop unpleasant sensations.
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Around what age does semen production decline for men?
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After the age of 40.
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What does climacteric refer to?
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A period that begins in woman's 40’s that creates a big decrease in fertility.
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What is the end point of climacteric for women called?
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Menopause.
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Who is more likely to suffer from alcoholism, men or women?
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Men.
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Men who develop alcoholism usually begin drinking in _________.For alcoholic women, drinking often begins in ____________.
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adolescence or early adulthood; later 20s or 30s.
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Cigarette smoking typically begins by what age?
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Before the age of 21.
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What is the result of using aids to help quit smoking?
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Can lead to drastic health improvements.
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What is meant by the term postformal thought?
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The postformal operational stage. The adult form of thinking.
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What are two characteristics of postformal thought?
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Less bound by abstract perfections and more realistic.
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What is the major change that happens in people’s thinking during the college years?
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There is a change from dualistic to realistic thinking.
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What is the difference between dualistic and relativistic thinking?
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Dualistic means there is a right and a wrong in a situation. Realistic means there are shades of grey.
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Explain each of Schaie’s 6 stages of adult thinking including when in the lifespan each typically occurs.
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Acquisitive stage: [childhood/adolescence] Gaining knowledge and skills. *Learning Stage*
Achieving stage: [early adulthood] Starting careers and achieving life goals both personally and professionally. Responsibility stage: [middle adulthood] Become responsible for life goals you achieved. Example: Children and people at work. Executive stage: - [middle adulthood] NOT A STAGE IN EVERYONE’S LIFE. Responsible for a complex system or network. Example: Someone who is the CEO of a company. Reintegrative stage: [late adulthood] FREE to use mental abilities for other uses. Example: retired people. |
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Name five benefits of going to college.
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Greater sense of self, improved moral reasoning, better able to think about complex issues, greater interest in arts and humanities, and greater tolerance for diversity.
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Name four ways of maximizing the benefits of college.
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Living on campus, engaging in classroom discourse, taking challenging courses, and meet the faculty.
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______ intelligence increases during middle adulthood while _______ intelligence decreases.
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Crystalized; fluid.
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What mental ability decreases fastest during middle adulthood?
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Perceptual speed.
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In what two ways does attention become worse during middle adulthood?
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They are worse at multi-tasking and are worse at switching between tasks.
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In what ways do our memory abilities decrease in middle adulthood?
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The working memory declines, less use of memory strategies, and more reliance of metacognitive strategies.
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When does crystallized intelligence begin to decline?
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Late-adulthood.
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What is meant by the term selective optimization with compensation?
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Selecting optimal activities that you find meaningful for you and compensating.
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Is memory loss greater in late adulthood for memory that relies on recall or recognition?
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Memory declines in recall, but not as much in recognition.
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What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? Which becomes worse in late adulthood?
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Explicit is when your trying to remember something and implicit is when you don't have to try to remember something, it just comes to you.
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What is meant by the term remote memory?
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Memories for things that have happened to you a long time ago but you still remember.
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Remote memories are greatest during what periods of the lifespan?
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From the age of 10 to 30 years old.
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What aspect of language declines in late adulthood?
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Word retrieval and planning what to say is slower.
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How do older adults deal with their inability to recall detail in their language?
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They compensate for that with "gist" and moral lessons.
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What is meant by wisdom?
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Expertise in the pragmatics of life.
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What is the best predictor of wisdom?
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Life experiences.
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What are the four ways of maintaining one’s cognitive abilities in late adulthood?
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Stimulating leisure pursuits, community participation, specific training programs, and lifelong learning.
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What is meant by the term terminal decline?
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Sharp decrease in cognitive functioning leading up to death.
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What is dementia?
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Cognitive impairments particularly in older adults that is happening because organic damage to brain cells.
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What are six symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
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Loss of memory for recent events (Short Term Memories: forgetting where they are or where they put something.) Loss of memory for earlier events (Long Term Memories: forgetting a loved one)
Changes in personality Difficulties with bodily movements Sleep problems Speech difficulties |
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What are neurofibrillary tangles?
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Tangles inside the nerve cells.
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What are amyloid plaques?
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Interferes communication between the nerves.
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What differentiates familial from sporadic Alzheimer’s disease?
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Familial Alzheimer's runs in families, happens earlier in life, has a more rapid pace, and is a dominant gene. Sporadic Alzheimer's doesn't run in families, may still be due to mutation of genes, and could have many other factors that effect it.
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What is the cause of cerebrovascular dementia?
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Dementia due to a series of strokes leaving areas of dead brain cells, linked to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes which, in turn, lead to stroke.
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What are five risk factors for cerebrovascular dementia?
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Also linked to smoking, alcohol use, low protein diets, obesity, and stress.
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What is a social clock?
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Our life plan as to when we would want to experience certain things.
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What is the benefit of sticking to one’s social clock?
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Provides confidence.
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Explain Ginzberg’s three stages of career development.
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Fantasy Period (early childhood – about 11 years old): focus on jobs that seem glamorous. Usually unrealistic or uncommon. Example: Singer, actor, firefighter, doctor, etc.
Tentative Period (adolescence): Don’t think of jobs so much as glamorous but more realistic based on their skills. Realistic Period (early adulthood): Being aware of what it means to have that specific career. What is it really going to take to be that? What education is required? |
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What is meant by a dual earner marriage?
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When two people in the house are bringing in income to the household.
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What is the difference between a communal and an agentic vocation?
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Communal professions are almost lower status.
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What is meant by the glass ceiling?
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The upper limit in terms of success for women.
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Give three reasons that women/minorities hit the “glass ceiling”?
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They don't have mentors, there is a difference in terms of training opportunities, and hard for them to make needs and ambitions known to others.
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List three real characteristics of older workers.
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More self-directed, fewer accidents, and fewer absenteeism.
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What is meant by burnout? People in what professions are particularly prone to burnout?
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Emotional and physical exhaustion due to highly intense careers. Examples: nurses, teachers, police, etc.
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What percentage of income drops after retirement?
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50%
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What are the key components to having a satisfying retirement?
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Planning.
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What are the differences between congregate housing, life care communities, and nursing homes?
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Congregate housing are apartments and can keep their cars and have activities. Not good for seniors that need a lot of care. Life care communities are apartments with activities. Transitional system. More 24 hour care. And nursing homes are much less independent and social contact.
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What is the major crisis that people face in early adulthood according to Erikson?
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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What percentage of adults have multiple sexual partners in one year?
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less than 3%
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What are three reasons that people have more sexual partners today than they had in previous years?
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Increase in cohabitation followed by breakup, marrying later, and divorce and remarry.
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What is the primary way that people find romantic partners?
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Through a friend, church, school, etc.
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Are people more attracted to people like themselves or different from themselves?
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people that are like themselves.
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What are the characteristics that women find attractive in men? That men find attractive in women?
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Women want ambition, intelligence, good financial status, and a little older than them. Men want youth, young, good reproductive ability, and health.
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What do people from Western cultures valued in their relationships? What do people from Eastern cultures value?
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Western cultures value love, autonomy, and emotional connection. Eastern cultures value dependability, parental approval, and similar background.
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What are the three components of love?
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Intimacy, compassion, commitment.
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What is the difference between passionate and companionate love?
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Passionate love is that intense love where you can't stop thinking about the other person. Compassionate love is when they person is more of a best friend and you are less obsessed with the relationship.
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How does love change over the course of a relationship?
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People have more passionate love at the beginning of the relationship and more compassionate love later on in the relationship.
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What four groups of people are at greatest risk for loneliness?
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Divorcees and widows, single non-dating men, married women, and people who are shy.
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What is the difference between a traditional and an egalitarian marriage?
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Traditional marriages are where the man works and the woman stays at home. Egalitarian marriage is where either the woman works and the man stays at home or both the man and the woman work.
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Does satisfaction increase or decrease during the first year of marriage?
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Decreases.
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Will a spouse support all of his or her partner’s decisions?
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No.
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How do married men and women differ from single men and women?
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Married women report greater loneliness than single women and more physical and mental health problems for single men
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What type of people are likely to cohabitate?
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Liberal, androgynous, and less religious individuals.
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Are people who cohabitate before marriage more or less likely to have a successful marriage?
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In the US and Canada it can lead to divorce and in other countries there is no effect.
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Does marital satisfaction increase or decrease after the birth of a child?
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Decrease.
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What is the most common reason people divorce?
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Conflict or "drifting apart".
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How long does it take for adults to adjust after a divorce?
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Two years.
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What is meant by the term feminization of poverty?
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Higher percentage of women are poor and especially single moms.
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What are three reasons why people are more likely to get divorced after a remarriage?
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Often marry for practical concerns, same marital discord as before, and use divorce as a coping mechanism.
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Are men or women more likely to adapt to the role of stepparent?
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Men.
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What is meant by the empty nest syndrome?
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Missing the children being at home.
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Do most parents suffer from a severe empty nest syndrome?
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No.
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What is meant by the sandwich generation?
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Generation before and after you.
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When is marital satisfaction highest?
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Late-adulthood.
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Who is most likely to care for an aging parent?
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Oldest daughter.
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Who is most likely to abuse an older adult?
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Relative or caretaker.
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What crisis to adults face in middle adulthood according to Erkson?
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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What are four ways of being generative?
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Caring for younger family members, mentoring younger co-workers, volunteer work, and political involvement.
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Explain Levinsons’ four developmental tasks of middle adulthood.
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Young-Old: Transfer to old life.
Destruction-Creation: Transfer the mind from thinking more destructively to thinking creatively. Masculinity-Femininity: They embrace the opposite. Men get in touch with their emotions and women become strong. Engagement-Separateness: You still need to have a sense of who you are and what your goals are! |
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What is a mid-life crisis? What are your odds of having one?
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Usually change is gradual. Doesn't occur often.
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What is meant by possible selves? Why is the focus on possible selves important in middle adulthood?
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Focus on who we could actually be by forming realistic goals.
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Which of the Big Five personality traits decrease during middle adulthood? Which increase?
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Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to New Experiences, Neuroticism
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What is the major developmental crisis in late adulthood according to Erikson?
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Ego Integrity vs. Ego Despair
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What is meant by ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation?
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The individual has to find meaning outside of work. Have to find a sense of identity. Retirement will be hard if not completed.
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What is meant by body transcendence vs. body preoccuptation?
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We have to redefine ourselves in terms of the body. Example – Give in to hair getting gray.
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What is meant by ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation?
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Finding a way to have more pre sense in this world beyond our life. Failure means preoccupation. Leaving your mark on the world.
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What is meant by life review?
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Telling stories about yourself to develop ego integrity. Finding a meaning for life.
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Does talking about the past increase or decrease happiness in late adulthood?
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Increase.
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What are three characteristics of most older adults?
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Usually agreeable, adaptable to changes, and more giving to charities and family.
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In what life stage is suicide most common?
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Peaks at age 75.
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Name and explain three theories as to why older adults are not more engaged with others and their communities.
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Older adults disengage because they need time for life review and self reflection. We as a society help them with self reflection.
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Explain the three stages the body goes through when dying.
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Agonal phase: Physically unpleasant stage. Body tries to maintain alive. Lasts for a number of moments. Example: Muscle spasms
Clinical death: Body can be brought back to life in this stage. Mortality: Longer stage. Often a few hours. Body shrinks and stops looking like how they usually look. |
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What are the three facets of death that children must master?
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Permanence: When something dies, its not coming back.
Universality: That everything that’s alive eventually dies. Nonfunctionality: What does it feel like to die? What does it mean to die? |
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By what age do children have a fairly complete understanding of death?
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By the end of preschool years.
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What is brain death?
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A person has lost all functioning in the cerebral cortex and the brain stem. The brain is no longer functioning.
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What defines a persistent vegetative state?
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Cerebral cortex is no longer functioning but the brain stem is functioning. The person has no ability to regain conscious. Can be kept alive but has emotional and financial consequences.
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How are adolescents’ comprehension of death limited?
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Because they can't apply it to the realities of life.
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What is meant by death anxiety?
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Get very nervous about death. Varies depending on the person.
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Who experiences the most death anxiety?
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People who are more uncertain about after life.
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Explain Kulber-Ross’s stages of coping with one’s own impending death?
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Denial: This isn’t true!
Anger: Anger at the doctors, self, god, etc. Bargaining: If only this isn’t true I will do better. Depression Acceptance |
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Does research support the existence of these stages?
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No, it hasn't been proven.
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What is meant by hospice care?
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A physical location that people can go to and get their care.
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Where do most people die?
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Hospitals.
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What is passive euthanasia?
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The withholding of life saving care.
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What is the difference between voluntary active euthanasia and assisted suicide?
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Voluntary active euthanasia is someone else doing something to end the other persons life. Assisted suicide is helping the person commit suicide.
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What is an advanced medical directive?
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A legal document that spells out what should happen to you if you are in basically a persistent vegetative state.
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Name and explain two types of advanced medical directives.
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living will: What you can and can’t do with the person.
Durable power of attorney: Who is legally allowed to make decisions about what will happen to you. |
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What are the three stages of bereavement? Explain each one.
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Avoidance: The person tries not to think about and live their life as if the person hasn’t passed away.
Confrontation: The stage when people absorb the grieve and try to deal with the death. Accommodation: Becomes easier to carry on with life. Person is still in our mind though. |
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What is meant by the term anticipatory grieving?
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Started grieving and you have gotten a chance to say goodbye.
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What types of death making bereavement more difficult?
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Suicides and sudden unknown deaths.
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What are four risk factors for dealing poorly with the loss of a spouse or life partner?
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Insecure, anxious people, people highly dependent on spouse, people with little social support (e.g., remarriage), people who find the death “meaningless.”
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