Psyc 105 (Ch 10&14)

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the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer age (A college student starts sucking his thumb during a difficult exam.)

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regression

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motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

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repression

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unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety. ("stop being so defensive" -freudians argue that defines mechanisms are essential for mental health)

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defence mechanisms

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directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one (A golfer angrily throws his club into the woods after he misses an easy putt.

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displacement

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unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others (married man with sexual impulses complains that women are "always after him)

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projection

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transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite (married woman attracted to co-worker instead acts hostile and sassy towards him)

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reaction formation

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adopting the psychological characteristics of people we find threatening (A college basketball player who initially fears his tyrannical coach comes to admire him and adopts his dictatorial qualities.)

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identification with the aggressor

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Avoiding the emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts (wife finding out husband cheated but learns men are naturally promiscucious so she tells herself its ok)

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intellectualization

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tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

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reality principle

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no action is meaningless. All are attributable to mental causes. i.e.) if the prof breaks chalk in half, some would disregard that but freudians would argue that that stems from something else (typically sex related--frustration)

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symbolic meaning

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the assumption that all psychological events have a cause.

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psychic determinism

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Freud saw the personality of an energy system; driven by twin forces of ____ and ____

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sex and aggression

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investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated the specific personality traits

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molecular genetic study

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approach to personality that focusses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals

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nomothetic approach

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approach to personality to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

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idiographic approach

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the 5 factor model?

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1) Neuroticism: high scores reflect anxiety, hostility, self consciousness, insecurity and vulnerability (negative emotionality)

2) Extraversion: high scores reflect people who are outgoing, social able, upbeat, friendly, assertive and gregarious

3) Openness to experience: associated with curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness and artistic sensitivity

4) Agreeableness: high scores tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative ,modest and straightforward

5) Conscientiousness: high scores delinquent adolescents were significantly more neurotic than non delinquent adolescents. are also less extroverted and less conscientious

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3 levels of awareness?

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ID EGO SUPEREGO

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Two categories of instincts and explain?

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Eros: positive energy of life, activity, hope etcThanatos: negative energy of death, destruction, despair and aggression

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accumulation of psychic energy in a certain location/area?

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cathexis

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The ___ exists within the unconscious mind, the basic instinct-- drives our behaviour/sexual urges etcinnermost core of the personality;only structure present at birth operates according to the pleasure principle; I'm dirty so i want to be cleaned, I'm hungry so i want to be fed etc. underwater part of iceberg

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ID

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redirecting sexual and agressive urges

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sublimination

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Freuds 5 stages of psychosexual development?

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oral: birth-12-18 months/sucking and drinking

Anal: 18 months-3 yrs/ alleviating tension by expelling feces

Phallic: 3-6yrs/ genitals (clit/penis)

Latency: 6-12 yrs/ dormant sexual stage

Genital: 12+/ sexual impulses, emergence of mature/romantic relationships

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sexually arousing zone of the body

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erogenous zone

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psychosexual stage that focuses on themouth

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oral stage

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psychosexual stage that focuses on toilettraining

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anal stage

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psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

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phallic stage

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conflict during phallic stage in which boyssupposedly love their mothers romanticallyand want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

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oedipus complex

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conflict during phallic stage in which girlssupposedly love their fathers romantically andwant to eliminate their mothers as rivals

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electra complex

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psychosexual stage in which sexual impulsesare submerged into the unconscious

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latency stage

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psychosexual stage in which sexual impulsesawaken and typically begin to mature intoromantic attraction toward others

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genital stage

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critiques of freud(s theories)?

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no evidence, unable to prove.(difficult to falsify) ie) harsh toilet training let to one being a perfectionist etc

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feelings of low self-esteem that can lead toovercompensation for such feelings (alfred adler)

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inferiority complex

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according to Jung, our shared storehouse ofmemories that ancestors have passed downto us across generations (carl jung)

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collective unconscious

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cross-culturally universal symbols, that explain similarities across people in their emotional reactions to features of the world

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archetypes

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executive and principal decision maker, the boss, what holds you back from reacting in a genuine but innappropriate way

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ego

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tendency of the ego to postpone gratificationuntil it can find an appropriate outlet

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reality principle

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sense of morality and right&wrong

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superego

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theorists who emphasize thinking as a causeof personality

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social learning theorists

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tendency for people to mutually influenceeach other's behavior

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reciprocal determinism

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extent to which people believe that rein-forcers and punishers lie inside or outside oftheir control

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locus of control ( People with an internal locus of control (“internals”) believe that life events are duelargely to their own efforts and personal characteristics. In contrast, people with an externallocus of control (“externals”) believe that life events are largely a product of chance and fate,)

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drive to develop our innate potential to thefullest possible extent

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self actualization

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according to Rogers, expectations we placeon ourselves for appropriate and inappropri-ate behavior

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conditions of worth

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inconsistency between our personalities andinnate dispositions

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incongruence

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Carl Rodgers 3 components of personality?

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1) organism is our innate

2)self is our self concept

3) Conditions of worth are the expectations we place on ourselves for appropriateand inappropriate behavior

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transcendent moment of intense excitementand tranquility marked by a profound senseof connection to the world

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peak experience

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6 main variables (factor analysis)

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sociability

popularity

liveliness

risk-taking

sensation seeking

impulsivity

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approach proposing that the most crucial featuresof personality are embedded in our language

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lexical approach

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the big 5?

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conscientiousness (more careful and responsible

agreeableness(easy to get along with)

neuroticism (tense and moody)

openness (to experience)

extraversion (more social and lively)

CANOE

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William Sheldons 3 body types that he felt he could infer someones personality by?

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Mesomorphs (muscular-assertive and bold)

Ectomorphs (skinny/lean- introverted and intellectual)

Endomorphs

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distorted experience?

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incongruence

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fully functioning self

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congruence

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fully functioning persons are evident because they have a strong sense of ____ ______

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self actualization

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two key factors of behavioural perspective?

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genetic factors & contingencies inthe environment

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who? personality as the collection of a person’s “responsetendencies”, focused on how external environment shapesbehaviour; reinforcement, punishment, and extinction(operant conditioning)

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BF Skinner

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who? “people are self-organizing, proactive, selfreflecting,and self-regulating, not just reactiveorganisms shaped and shepherded by externalevents” behaviours shaped by the modelswe are exposed to; some models more influentialthan others (parents, those we admire, similarities,“positive” outcomes); Bobo doll experiment

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bandura

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effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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cohort effect

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research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time (problem is that they don't control cohort effects)

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cross sectional development

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research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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longitudinal design

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fertilized egg?

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zygote

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ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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blastocyst

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second to eigth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form

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embryo

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period of prenatal dev't from the 9th week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change

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fetus

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start of menstration

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menarche

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boys first ejaculation

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spermache

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things that occur first don't necessarily cause things that come later--some things just happen to occur before

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post hoc fallacy

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children influence their environments and their environments influence them (as opposed to unidirectional hypotheses)

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bidirectional influences

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3 stages of prenatal development?

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germinal, embryonic, fetal

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prenatal stage: ____ (2 weeks-2 months)vital organs and bodily systems begin to form; brain envelopment from 18 dayszygote now called an embryoheart, spine, and brain begin to emergeembryo is one-inch long at end of stagehuman form (limbs, fingers, feet etc)period of great vulnerabilitymost miscarriages occur at this stagemajor structural birth defects due to problems at this stage

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embryonic stage

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prenatal stage: _____(First 2 weeks)begins when one sperm successfully fertilizes an egg (ovum)Fertilized eft is called the zygotezygote divides repeatedly, forming a blastocystblastocyst attaches to the uterus (about one week after conceptioncell differentiation begins1 in 5 zygotes rejected in this stage

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germinal stage

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prenatal stage:____ (2 months to birth) embryo now called the fetuscapable of movement as skeletal structures begin to hardenorgans continue to develop; emphasis on physical maturation age of viability about 25 weeks (survival as young as 22 weeks)85% survival rate by 26-28 weeksdevelopment includes: formation and specialization of brain, differentiation of ovaries and testes, growth of hair, body fat forms, sleep and wakefulness, immunity

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fetal stage

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3 criteria for diagnosing FAS?

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1) pre/post natal growth deficiency (height and weight below 10th percentile)

2) central nervous system dysfunction (any neurological anomaly (potential low IQ, or hyperactive), developmental delay, or intellectual impairment)

3) characteristic carnio-facial abnormalities including at least 2 of the following:a) microcephaly (head circumference below the third percentile)b) microphthalmia or short palpebral fissures (eye openings)poorly developed philtrum, thin upper lip, flattening of the maxillary area, and flattening of the nasal bridge

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bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated forces that move the bones and muscles

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motor behaviours

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basic emotional style that appears early in de-velopment and is largely genetic in origin

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temperant

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positive emotions afforded by touch

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contact comfort

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(about 60 percent of U.S. infants). The infant reacts tomom’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy. In essence,the infant uses mom as a secure base: a rock-solid source of support to which toturn in times of trouble

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secure attachment

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(about 15–20 percent of U.S. infants). The infantreacts to mom’s departure with indifference and shows little reaction on her return.

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insecure-avoidant attachment

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(about 15–20 percent of U.S. infants). The in-fant reacts to mom’s departure with panic. He then shows a mixed emotional re-action on her return, simultaneously reaching for her yet squirming to get awayafter she picks him up (for this reason, some psychologists refer to this style as“anxious-ambivalent”).

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insecure-anxious attachment

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(about 5–10 percent of U.S infants). This rarestof attachment styles wasn’t included in the original classification, but wasadded later by Mary Main and her colleagues (Main & Cassidy, 1988). Chil-dren with this pattern react to mom’s departure and return with an incon-sistent and confused set of responses. They may appear dazed when reunitedwith her.

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disorganized attachment

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drawing conclusions on the basis of only asingle measure

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mono-operation bias

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______ parents tend to be lenient with their children, allowingthem considerable freedom inside and outside the household. They use disciplinesparingly, if at all, and often shower their children with affection.

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permissive

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_____parents tend to be strict with their children,givingtheir children little opportunity for free play or exploration, and punishing themwhen they don’t respond appropriately to their demands. They show little affec-tion toward their children.

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authoritarian

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parents combine the best features of both permis-sive and authoritarian worlds. They’re supportive of their children but set clearand firm limits with them.

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authoritive

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_____ parents tend to ignore their children, paying little atten-tion to either their positive or negative behaviors.

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uninvolved

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environment that provides children with basicneeds for affection and discipline

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average expectable environment

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Eriksons 8 stages of human development?

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1) Infancy

2)Toddlerhood- developing sense of independance

3) Early childhood- developing initiative

4)Middle childhood

5) Adolescence- sense of role and direction identity vs role confusion

6) Young adulthood- ability to maintain relationships

7) Adulthood-care for welfare of others/world

8) Aging- adjusting to prospect of death and being content

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which kohlberg scheme? "he can get away with it vs he might get caught"

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preconventional morality

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which kohlberg scheme? "Others will look down on him if he lets his wife die vs its against the law"

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conventional morality

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which kohlberg principle? "the protection of human life is a higher moral principle that can overrule laws against stealing vs doing so violates a basic social contract needed to preserve civilization"

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postconventional morality

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criticism of kohlbergs findings?

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cultural bias, low correlation with moral behaviour

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different modes of age?

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Biological ("65 yr old says they have body of 40 year old)

Psychological (mental and agility)

Functional (people should retire at 70)

Social (dresses younger than she should)

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the process for absorbing new experience into current schemas-- represents attempt to fit new experiences not existing schemas

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assimilation

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the altering of a schema to make it more compatible with experience…drives stage change

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accomodation

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Piaget's stages of development?

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Sensorimotor Stage:

Preoperational Stage:

Concrete Operations:

Formal Operations:

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piaget? 2-7 years--able to think beyond here-and-now; egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations; centration, egocentrism and irreversibility

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preoperational stage

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11-adulthood-- able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning

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formal operations

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7-11 years-- able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects; conversation, reversibility and hierarchy

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concrete operations

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birth-2 years-- no thought behind immediate physical experiences, lack object permanence.

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sensorimotor stage

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what were bowlby's 3 attachment behaviours

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1)Indiscriminate attachment behaviour:

2) Discriminate attachment behaviour:

3) Specific attachment behaviour:

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newborns exhibit attachment behaviours toward everyone

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indiscriminate attachment behavior

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around 3 months infants direct attachment behaviours towards more familiar, regular caregivers

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discriminate attachment behavior

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by 7 or 8 months infants develop meaningful attachments to specific caregivers; show preference for these caregivers; caregiver emerges as a secure base

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specific attachment behaviour

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done

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done