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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four personality perspectives? |
- psychodynamic -humanistic -trait -social-cognitive |
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Psychoanalytic perspective |
- Sigmund Freud - personality is primarily unconscious - psychosexual stages - defense mechanisms - symbolic meanings emerge from the unconscious mind |
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What are the three components of the personality structure of the psychoanalytic perspective? |
-Id -Ego -Superego |
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Id |
-instinct -from birth - Pleasure Principle : seeks immediate gratification |
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Ego |
- deals with the demands of reality - reality principle -"Mediator" |
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Superego |
-conscience-right/wrong - source of moral anxiety -Ego Ideal: internalized ideals; forces ego to consider not only real, but ideal |
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The Angel and the devil |
- Id and Ego -Devil= Id -Angel= Superego -Id is not evil: it is immoral; pleasure-seeking; survival; immediate gratification and doesn't care about others -Id makes demands - superego puts restrictions on how demands are met -Ego: caught in the middle, trying to decide -when Ego must satisfy Id & Superego, you get ANXIETY |
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Humanistic perspective |
- focused on healthy people - the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization -Carl Rogers-> growth-promoting environment |
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Carl Rogers |
- agreed that people have self-actualizing Tendencies and are basically good - believe that we can reach our potential if we are given a growth-promoting environment - self-actualization depends on proper development of self-concept |
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What are the three key ideas for gaining a growth promoting environment? |
- genuineness - unconditional positive regard - empathy |
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Self concept |
Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one's life -GROWTH |
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Real self |
Results from experience |
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Ideal self |
The self we would like to be |
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Rogers' Idea in a nutshell |
You have to know who your real self is , accept yourself by having a growth promoting environment! |
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What are the three ways in which people nurture our growth and we are sure theirs? |
-genuineness - unconditional positive regard -empathy |
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Genuineness |
Be genuine, open with your feelings |
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Unconditional positive regard |
- be totally accepting - accepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person, regardless of the person's behavior |
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Empathy |
-Be empathetic, sharing another's feelings and reflecting their meanings back to them - listen with real understanding |
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Trait perspective |
- stable and enduring pattern of behavior -> traits are building blocks of personality --> five Factor model of Personality (Big 5) |
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What are the Big Five personality traits? |
-OCEAN ~ openness ~ conscientiousness ~ extraversion ~ agreeableness ~ neuroticism |
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Openness |
Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences |
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Conscientiousness |
Organization and motivation |
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Extraversion |
Outgoing and sociable vs. Solitary and dislike being center of attention |
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Agreeableness |
Easy going, friendly, pleasant vs. grumpy, crabby, hard to get along with |
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Neuroticism |
Emotional stability vs. Instability |
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Social cognitive perspective |
This behavior is influenced by the interaction between persons and social context |
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What are the three factors that influence one another in the social cognitive perspective? |
1. Environment 2. The behavior itself 3. Personal or cognitive factors ** these factors affect the other two |
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Reciprocal determinism |
- you choose your environment and then it shapes you - our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events - our personalities help create situations to which we react |
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Attributions |
Judgment about people and actions that we make unconsciously |
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Consistency |
Does the person usually behave this way in this situation? |
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Consensus |
Do others behave similarly in this situation? |
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Distinctiveness |
Does the person behave differently in other situations? |
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Social psychology |
the scientific study of how a person's Behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence and are influenced by social groups |
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Conformity |
Change in a person's Behavior to coincide with a group |
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Solomon & Asch Experiment |
Line Conformity experiment |
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Why do we conform? |
- responding to social norms - people are open-minded and convinced by new information |
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Social facilitation |
- individual's performance improves because of the presence of others |
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Why does an individual's performance improved with the presence of others? |
Because raising arousal levels intensifies performance for well-learned tasks, but not for new or hard tasks |
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Social loafing |
When performing a task as a group, people tend to exert less effort toward a common goal ( especially common in individualistic cultures) |
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Why do people tend to exert less effort toward a common goal when performing a task as a group? |
- people feel less accountable - group members feel that their individual contributions don't make a difference - not highly motivated, May free-ride on others |
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Compliance |
Change Behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing to change ** people asking for change has NO authority over the other |
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What are the two ways to gain compliance? |
- front in the door phenomenon - obedience |
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Foot-in-the-door technique (phenomenon) |
- asking for a small commitment --> after gaining compliance, ask for a bigger commitment |
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Obedience |
Change Behavior because of thority figure commands or requests |
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What is the difference between Conformity and obedience? |
- Conformity has to do with changing one's thinking or behavior to be more like others - obedience has to do with AUTHORITY demanding change |
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Cognitive dissonance theory |
- we feel discomfort when beliefs don't match with our actions or other thoughts - we feel uneasy if we can't justify to ourselves the differences between what we believe and what we do *--> to relieve this tension, we may change our beliefs and attitudes to fit our choices |
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Reducing dissonance |
- change attitudes to fit Behavior ----->" if I choose to do it; I must believe in it" - change Behavior to fit attitudes - form new cognitions to justify Behavior |
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General principle about Behavior influencing attitude |
People come to believe in and to love, the things that they have to suffer for |
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Effort justification |
Goals that require considerable effort are valued highly |
