Cog Psyc Exam 3

Front 1

Knowledge

Back 1

A familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone/ something through perceiving, discovering and learning

Front 2

Concept

Back 2

refers to all the knowledge that has about a category

Front 3

Categorization

Back 3

The process by which things are placed into a group based on their similarities and differences

Front 4

What is the definitional approach ?

Back 4

We can decide if something is a member of a category by determining if it meets the definition of the category

Front 5

What are the Category memberships ?

Back 5

1)Necessary (each feature must be presented)

2)sufficient ( if each feature is present that’s enough for membership )

Front 6

What are the two family resemblance approaches ?

Back 6

Prototype

Exemplar

Front 7

Prototype

Back 7

Abstract representation of an “average” members of a category commonly experienced

Front 8

Exemplar

Back 8

Actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Front 9

Prototype vs Exemplar

Back 9

Prototype

- members share a family resemblance

Exemplar

-every instance of a category is stored in memory

Front 10

What is the Hierarchy of Category organization?

Back 10

Superordinate

Basic

Subordinate

Front 11

Which category is Distinctive but doesn’t hold much information?

Back 11

Superordinate

Front 12

Which organization of category is Cognitive economy ?

Back 12

Basic

Front 13

Which category of organization is highly informative but low distinguishing?

Back 13

Subordinate

Front 14

Why do Individuals with expertise consider subordinate categories as “basic” compared to others ?

Back 14

More expertise and familiarity leads to focusing on more specific or detailed information

Front 15

Creativity

Back 15

The ability to produce work that is both novel (original, unexpected) and appropriate (useful,adaptive)

Front 16

What is the quality of being creative ?

Back 16

The ability to transcend traditional ideas, roles, patterns, relationships or the like to create meaningful new ideals, forms , methods and interpretation .

Front 17

The development of creativity ?

Back 17

Everyone is born creative

-> play

-> Questions

->Imagjnation

Front 18

How do we measure creativity ?

Back 18

Fluidity

Flexibility

Originality

Elaboratin

Front 19

Fluidity

Back 19

Number of ideas

Front 20

Flexibility

Back 20

Number of categories

Front 21

Originality

Back 21

How many unique ideas did somebody generate

Front 22

Elaboration

Back 22

How many ideas per category did someone generate

Front 23

Insight

Back 23

Sudden and clear awareness reflecting deep understanding (content can be of anything)

Front 24

Intuition

Back 24

Vague & tact knowledge. The ability to understand something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning (something in your past experience that you learned)

Front 25

What are the components of creativity?

Back 25

Forms

Dimensions

Criteria

Front 26

Forms

Back 26

Intuitive, deliberate (problem solving), spontaneous

Front 27

Dimension

Back 27

Fluidity, flexibility, originality , elaboration and functionality

Front 28

Criteria

Back 28

Efficiency, problem solving and satisfactory

Front 29

What are the two creative cognition processes ?

Back 29

Generative and Exploratory Processes

Front 30

Generative Processes

Back 30

Formation of association between structures. It’s also a mental synthesis of new structures

Hint 30

Creating/generating new information

Front 31

Exploratory Process

Back 31

Searches in mental structures. It also searches for metaphorical implications of mental structures.

Hint 31

Exploring information that already exist

Front 32

What is the 4 approaches to creativity ?

Back 32

Genius approach

Personality approach

Evolutionary approach

Creative cognition approach

Front 33

Genius approach

Back 33

Outdated and naive

Front 34

Personality approach

Back 34

Personality variables allow for the prediction of creativity but the effects are weak and do not explain creativity

Front 35

Evolutionary approach

Back 35

Creativity is two step process of blind variation (variation of information without foresight in production of ideas) and selective retention ( test the applicability and progress resulting from idea )

Front 36

Creative cognition approach

Back 36

Most informative analysis from specific perspective & training purposes

Front 37

Latent inhibition

Back 37

Observation in classical conditioning whereby a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus

Front 38

Reasoning process

Back 38

Cognitive calculations that allows us to evaluate arguments & reach conclusions

Front 39

What are the two major kind of Reasoning?

Back 39

Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Front 40

Deductive reasoning

Back 40

Making arguments from general information to more specific information

Front 41

Inductive reasoning

Back 41

Making arguments from specific instances to more general relationships

Front 42

Categorical syllogisms

Back 42

A logical argument in which are proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two others (the premises)

Front 43

“All humans are mortal”

“Socrates is human”

“Socrates is moral”

Is this valid or invalid ?

Back 43

Valid

Front 44

Modus ponens

Back 44

If P then Q .

If yes to P therefore yes of Q

Front 45

Affirmation of the consequent

Back 45

If P then Q.

If Q therefore P.

Front 46

Modus tollens

Back 46

If P then Q.

If not Q therefore not P.

Front 47

Denial of antecedent

Back 47

If P then Q.

If not P therefore not Q.

Front 48

Which of the 4 conditonal reasoning skills are valid ?

Back 48

Modus pollens and modus tollens

Front 49

What are the 5 types of inductive reasoning ?

Back 49

Analogically reasoning

Category induction

Hypothesis testing

Casual reasoning

Counter factual thinking

Front 50

Category induction

Back 50

Organizing & recognizing a group of things as members of the same category to make inferences

Front 51

Analogically reasoning

Back 51

Process using structures of one conceptual domain to interpret another .

Front 52

Casual reasoning

Back 52

Inferences of cause & effect relationships between two events that occur together in either space or time

Front 53

Hypothesis testing

Back 53

Inferences lead to structured testing against reality .

Front 54

Counter factual thinking

Back 54

Ability to reason about things that could have happened but haven’t “what if” or “if only “

Front 55

Heuristics (to discover )

Back 55

Problem solving method that uses shortcuts to produce enough good solution without excessive burdening on cognitive resources

Front 56

What are the 3 types of heuristics?

Back 56

Educated guess

Common sense

Authority

Front 57

Contrapositive

Back 57

Switching the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement and negating both. For example, the contrapositive of "If it is raining then the grass is wet" is "If the grass is not wet then it is not raining."