Psyc 101 Ch 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The retentionof information of experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding storage, and retrieval.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.

Front 3

Divided attention

Back 3

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

Front 4

Sustained attention

Back 4

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Front 5

Levels of processing

Back 5

A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

Front 6

Elaboration

Back 6

The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.

Front 7

Storage

Back 7

The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory.

Front 8

Atkinson- Shiffrin theory

Back 8

Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Front 9

Sensory memory

Back 9

Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only am instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Front 10

Short-term memory

Back 10

Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 second unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Front 11

Working memory

Back 11

A combination of componets, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental work bench on which the brain manipulates and assembled information to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving.

Front 12

Long-term memory

Back 12

A relatively permenant type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

Front 13

Explicit memory

Back 13

The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts our events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

Front 14

Implicit memory

Back 14

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollectionof that experience

Front 15

Episodic memory

Back 15

The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings- that is, how individuals remember life's episodes.

Front 16

Semantic memory

Back 16

A person's knowledge about the world.

Front 17

Procedural memory

Back 17

Memory for skills

Front 18

Priming

Back 18

The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

Front 19

Schema

Back 19

A preexisting mental concept framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information.

Front 20

Script

Back 20

A schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.

Front 21

Connectionism

Back 21

Also called parallel distributed processing (pdp), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

Front 22

Retrieval

Back 22

The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

Front 23

Serial position effect

Back 23

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

Front 24

Primacy effect

Back 24

Better recall for items at the beginning of a list

Front 25

Recency effect

Back 25

To better recall for items at the end of a list

Front 26

Autobiographical memory

Back 26

A special for of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Front 27

Flashbulb memory

Back 27

The memory of emotional significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

Front 28

Motivated forgetting

Back 28

Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

Front 29

Interference theory

Back 29

The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Front 30

Proactive interference

Back 30

Situation in which materials that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later.

Front 31

Retroactive interference

Back 31

Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

Front 32

Decay theory

Back 32

Theory stating that when an individual lands something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Front 33

Tip of the tongue theory

Back 33

A type of effort retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something ( say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory.

Front 34

Amnesia

Back 34

The loss of memory

Front 35

Anterograde amnesia

Back 35

A memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events.

Front 36

Retrograde amnesia

Back 36

Memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events