Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Learning |
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. |
|
|
Behaviorism |
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and going. |
|
|
Associative learning |
Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, our an association, between two events. |
|
|
Classical conditioning |
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. |
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. |
|
|
Unconditioned response (UR) |
An unearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the Unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the Unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Conditioned response (CR) |
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus- Unconditioned stimulus pairing |
|
|
Neutral stimulus |
Stimulus with no response |
|
|
Acquisition cc |
The initial learning of the connection between the Unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. |
|
|
Generalization cc |
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicits response that is similar to the conditioned response |
|
|
Discrimination cc |
The process of learning to respondto certain stimuli and not others. |
|
|
Extinction cc |
The weakening of the conditioned response when the Unconditioned stimulus is absent. |
|
|
Spontaneous recovery |
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recite after a time delay, without further conditioning. |
|
|
Aversive conditioning |
A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus |
|
|
Habituation |
Deceased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. |
|
|
Operant conditioning |
A form of Associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence |
|
|
Law of effect |
Thorndikes law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and the behaviors that are followed by negative outcomes are weakened. |
|
|
Shaping |
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior |
|
|
Learned helplessness |
Through experience with unavoidable Aversive stimuli, Ann organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes. |
|
|
Reinforcement |
The process by which a stimulus or an event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happenagain |
|
|
Positive reinforcement |
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequencyof that behavior |
|
|
Negative reinforcement |
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior |
|
|
Primary reinforcer |
A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable. |
|
|
Secondary reinforcer |
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. |
|
|
Punishment |
A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur |
|
|
Positive punishment |
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Negative punishment |
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Instinctive drift |
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning |
|
|
Preparedness |
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways and not others |
|
|
Banduras model of observational learning |
Learning that occurs when a person observes and immitates a behavior |
|
|
Observational leaning |
Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior |
