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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is human development?
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it is the changes in physical, pschological, and social behavior as experienced by a person throughout their lifetime. From conception to death.
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What is lifespan approach and characteristics of this approach
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Erik Erikson created the life span approach. It is eight successive stages over a persons lifespan. Erikson thinks Motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from successful resolutions of a crisis in each stage
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what is the emic approach?
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It focuses on a single culture, using criteria that are thought to be relative to it, and studies behavior from within the system itself. (ex. researcher lives w/ a tribe and tries to understand the culture through their eyes)
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What is the etic approach?
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This approach looks at several cultures, comparing and contrasting them using criteria thought to be absolute or universal, and studies behavior from outside the system.
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Periods of development:
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1. prenatal
2. infancy 3. early childhood 4. middle/late childhood 5. adolescence 6. early adulthood 7. middle adulthood 8. late adulthood |
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Physical development
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refers to the changes in an individual's size and body structure.
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Cognitive Development
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This was piaget's theory. Cognitive growth passes through four distinct stages: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. He thinks that people learn by actively constructing their own cognitive world.
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Socioemotional development
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trust v distrust
autonomy v shame & doubt initiative v guilt accomplishment v inferiority identity v role confusion intimacy vs isolation generatively v stagnation ego integrity v despair |
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Nature vs Nurture
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Nature is continuity, gradual, more stable, and it is early experiences. nurture is discontinuity, it has distinct stages, its likely to change, and it is later experiences.
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What is culture?
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it is behavior, patterns, beliefs, and other products of people that are passed on from generation to generation
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what are the features of culture?
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assumptions and ideas about life, most obvious when cultures clash people react emotionally transmitted from generation to generation
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ethnocentrism
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the tendency to judge other people and cultures by the standards of one's own culture and to believe that the behavior, customs, norms, values, and other characteristics of one's own group are natural, valid, and correct while those of others are unnatural, invalid, and incorrect
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cross-culture research goals
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The first goal involved testing or extending the generalizability if existing theories and findings. the 2nd goal focuses on exploring other cultures in order to discover variations in behavior that may not be part of one;'s own cultural experience. the 3rd goal is aimed at integrating findings in such a way as to generate a more universal psychology applicable to a wider range of cultural settings and societies
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What is theory?
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its a set of hypotheses or assumption about behavior. it consists of guesses or speculations that allow us to answer questions.
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what is a hypothesis?
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a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon.
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what is correlational research strategy?
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describes direction and strength of the relationship between two events.
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What is experimental research strategy?
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It precisely determines the cause of behavior
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What is cross-sectional research strategy?
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his type of study utilizes different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest, but share other characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background and ethnicity
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identify independent variables
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The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher. The independent variable is something that is hypothesized to influence the dependent variable
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identify dependent variables
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The dependent variable is the variable that is simply measured by the researcher. It is the variable that reflects the influence of the independent variable
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what is longitudinal research?
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a type of research method used to discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time
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back translation
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This procedure involves translating material from a "source" language, in to a "target" language, by a bilingual translator fluent in both languages.
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Freud and psychosexual stages
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Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (18 months-3 1/2 years) Phallic (3 1/2 years-6 years) Latency (6 years- puberty) Genital (puberty-adulthood) |
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Piagets assimilation stages
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in assimilation, what is perceived in the outside world is incorporated into the internal world without changing the structure of that internal world, but potentially at the cost of "squeezing" the external perceptions to fit
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piagets accommodation stage
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the internal world has to accommodate itself to the evidence with which it is confronted and thus adapt to it, which can be a more difficult and painful proces
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Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development
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This is the range of tasks too hard to measure alone, but can be mastered with guidance.
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Vygotsky's scaffolding
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Scaffolding is a process through which a teacher or more competent peer gives aid to the student in her/his ZPD as necessary
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Kohlberg's stages of development
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Level 1: Pre-conventional reasoning
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning Level 3: Post-conventional reasoning |
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What is internalization
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As kid's develop, their moral thoughts become reality.
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Skinner (behaviorist)
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Skinner and other behaviorists conceive personality as completely caused by learned associations and, therefore, consider it a continuous, lifelong journey
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Bandura (social-cognitive)
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States that we acquire many behaviors through conditioning (as behaviorists) and adds observation
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Bronfenbrenner mesosystem
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this layer provides the connection between the structures of the child’s microsystem
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Bronfenbrenner Microsystem
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this is the layer closest to the child and contains the structures with which the child has direct contact. The microsystem encompasses the relationships and interactions a child has with her immediate surroundings
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Bronfenbrenner exosystem
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this layer defines the larger social system in which the child does not function directly. The
structures in this layer impact the child’s development by interacting with some structure in her microsystem |
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Bronfenbrenner macrosystem
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this layer may be considered the outermost layer in the child’s environment. While not being a
specific framework, this layer is comprised of cultural values, customs, and laws |
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Bronfenbrenner chronosystem
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this system encompasses the dimension of time as it relates to a child’s environments
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Super and harkness development niche
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is a theoretical framework for understanding and analyzing how culture shapes child development. there are 3 subsystems:1 Physical and social settings. 2. customs and practice of child rearing. 3. the psychology of the caretaker.
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socialization
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refer to the process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society
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