Psyc 100 Midterm

Front 1

What are the 3 types of claims?

And what types of validities do they each require?

Back 1

Frequency (construct & external validity)

Association (construct, external, and statistical)

Causal (construct, external, statistical, & internal)

Front 2

Define "frequency claims"

Back 2

describes the rate/amount of a single variable

e.g. 44% of Americans struggle to stay happy

or 1 in 25 teens attempts suicide

Front 3

Define "association claims"

Back 3

describes the relationship between 2 variables

e.g. shy people are better at reading facial expressions

or people who multitask most are worst at it

Front 4

Define "causal claims"

Back 4

describes how one variable causes change in another

e.g. romantic music can get you a date

or plate size/color influence how much you eat

Front 5

What are the 4 types of validities?

Back 5

Construct

External

Statistical

Insternal

Front 6

Define "construct validity"

Back 6

assessing operational definitions; how well the variables are measured or manipulated

Front 7

Define "external validity"

Back 7

assessing samples; how well results from the study will generalize to the population of interest and to different situations

Front 8

Define "statistical validity" and the 2 types of errors related to it

Back 8

assessing statistical significance and strength of affect; assessing the possibility of error

Type 1 error: false positive; claim an effect when there isn't one (reduce risk of Type 1 error by having a lower p-value)

Type 2 error: miss; claim no effect when there is one (increase power/sample size to decrease chance of a miss)

Front 9

Define "internal validity"

Back 9

assessing alternative explanations; how well the study controls for extraneous or confounding variables

Front 10

What are the 3 elements causation requires?

Back 10

Covariance: change in Variable A leads to systematic change in Variable B

Temporal precedence: Variable A must precede Variable B

Internal validity: alternative explanations must be eliminated; must control for participant and environmental variables

Front 11

Explain the difference between a theory and a hypothesis

Back 11

Theory: a general description of how variables are related

Hypothesis: specific predicted outcomes if a theory is correct

Front 12

What is the difference between validity and reliability?

Front 13

Define "parsimony"

Back 13

Start simple and add complexity when needed

Front 14

What is the "present/present bias"?

Back 14

Bias that you don't see (we are biased by the things we don't see and biased by the things we do see)

Front 15

define pop-up principle

Back 15

Availability heuristic; things that pop up in your memory bias your thinking

Front 16

Define confirmatory hypothesis testing

Back 16

A specifically selected question that will lead to an expected answer

Front 17

define "probablistic"

Back 17

inferences are not expected to explain all cases all the time; exceptions in experiments are not conclusions

Front 18

Define "falsifiable"

Back 18

conditions that would fail to support the theory are explicitly stated

Front 19

What are the different types of validities of measurement?

Back 19

Face validity: does it look like a good measure? (ask experts)

Content validity: does it include all the important components of the construct?

Criterion validity: your measure is correlated with a relevant outcome; more objective

-correlational method: does a measure correlate with key outcomes & behaviors?

- known groups method: does the measure distinguish among groups whose behavior is well-known?

Convergent validity: your measure is more strongly associated with measures of similar constructs

Discriminant validity: your measure is less strongly associated with measures of dissimilar constructs

Front 20

What is reliability?

Back 20

When we measure, we measure consistently

Front 21

What is validity?

Back 21

We are measuring what we think we are measuring