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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, that occurs as the result of practice or experience
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classical conditioning
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learning associations between stimuli
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Why do we acquire new behaviors or modify old behaviors?
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to adapt to environment & cope with surroundings
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neural stimulus
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does not normally provoke any specific response
ex. bell/tone |
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unconditioned stimulus or UCS
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Unlearned stimulus that always causes a
specific unlearned response ex. meat |
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stimulus generalization
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occurs when the stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also provoke the conditioned response, even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus or CS
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AFTER association with the UCS, the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same type of response; once it HAS the ability to elicit the same response at the UCS it is NO LONGER neutral
ex. bell tone |
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stimulus discrimination
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occurs when a particular conditioned response is made to one stimulus but not to other similar stimuli
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behaviorism
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The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses
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operant conditioning
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learning association between behavior and consequences
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another name for Cognitive Aspects
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Observational Learning
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unconditioned response
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unlearned response to a UCS
ex. salivation |
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conditioned response
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the learned response to the CS
ex. salivation |
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classical conditioning phenomenon
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generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery, discrimination training
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extinction
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lack of reinforcement of the response and the resulting decline in response rate
Ex. rats quit pressing levers if food pellets no longer appear |
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spontaneous recovery
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passage of time following extinction can partially renew the conditioned reflex
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generalization
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phenomenon in which, after conditioning, stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus will provoke the conditioned response even though they themselves were never paired with the conditioned response
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discrimination training
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can abolish generalization between two stimuli; by not linking the unconditioned stimulus to the neutral stimulus that has been generalized to, the animal will discriminate
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another name for Skinnerian Conditioning
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operant conditioning
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on of the earliest behavorists
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John B. Watson (1913)
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Watson's successor and the inventor of the Skinner box & the theory of operant conditioning
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B. F. Skinner
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systematic desensitization is
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a type of extinction
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who used deep muscle relaxation to inhibit anxiety
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Joseph Wolpe (1958)
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explanation of the "law of effect"
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responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation
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instrumental responses
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actions which function as tools to work some change in the environment
ex. flipping a switch to light a room |
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another name for instrumental responses is
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operant responses
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Law of Effect
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responses followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to reoccur, responses followed by an "annoying state of affairs" are less likely to reoccur
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primary reinforcers are
secondary reinforcers are |
unlearned biological necessities
learned |
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punishment does not _____ or ______ alternative acceptable behavior
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teach, promote
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Punishment may produce undesirable results such as
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fear, hostility, passivity
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Punishment is likely to be _________.
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temporary
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Punishment may model __________.
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aggression
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latent learning
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learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not demonstrated until a reinforcer is available
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment
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Internal stimuli associate better with _____.
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taste
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External stimuli associate better with ____.
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pain
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John Garcia stated that not all _______ stimuli can become ___________ stimuli.
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neutral, conditioned
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schedule of reinforcement
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specific preset arrangements of partial reinforcement produced different patterns and rates of responding
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A B C Model
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antecedents --> behavior <-- consequences
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instinct
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motives are natural
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drive
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internal, push behavior
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incentive
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external goals pull behavior
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arousal theory
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people are motivated to maintain optimum level of arousal
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example of complex motives
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need for achievement
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leptin resistance
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condition where higher-than-normal levels of leptin do not produce desired physiological response
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leptin
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a protein used to regulate fat storage in the body
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anorexia
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excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image
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bulimia
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binges of extreme overeating followed by self induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives
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binge-eating
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recurring episodes of binge eating without purging
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phenotype
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the observable result of the interaction between the genes and the environment
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the default is to become ______
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female
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individuals with _______ ________ only have one x chromosome, they demonstrate incomplete development
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Turners Syndrome
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_____________ ___________ - Males with an extra X chromosome will exhibit some degree of feminization and are also infertile
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Klinefelter's Syndrome
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individuals who are _________ ___________ have both an X and a Y chromosome (they are genetically male) but do not respond to androgens
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Androgen Insensitive
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individuals with _-_____ _________ _________ have difficulty converting testosterone into androstenedione (the hormone primarily responsible for masculine physical characteristics
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5 alpha reductase deficiency
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individuals with ___ are genetic female who have been exposed to high levels of androgens during development and may be mistaken for males at an early age
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CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasy)
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exhibitionism
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arousal from exposing one's genitals to strangers
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fetishism
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arousal in response to inanimate objects
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frotteurism
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arousal from touching or tubbing against a non-consenting person
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The Yerkes Dodson Law
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too much/ too little arousal is not good
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introverts have little need for ________ stimulation
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external
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extraverts have little need for ________ arousal
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internal
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TAT
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thermic appreciation test
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TAT is an example of a __________ test
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'projective'
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projective tests
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are conducted by having an individual respond to an ambiguous stimulus (has no set meaning)
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James-Lange theory
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emotions come from physiological arousal; happiness comes from smiling; sadness comes from crying
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Cannon-Braid Theory
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emotion originates in the thalamus; physiological and psychological systems activated simultaneously
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Schacter Two Factor
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physiological arousal and cognitive label happen; both of which are required for emotional experience
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