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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation
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The moving force that energizes behaviour
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Emotion
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A positive or negative feeling state that typically includes arousal, subjective experience and behavioral expression
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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Humans are like animals and their motives reflect that. We're motivated by drive.
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Drive
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Originally just Sex (love, lust, intimacy) and Aggression (aggressive behaviour, desire to have control)
Now also Need for Relatedness to Others and Self-Esteem. |
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Other possible Drives
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Wishes: desired state associated with emotion or arousal
Fears: Undesired state associated with unpleasant feelings |
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TAT
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Used to detect unconscious motives.
Participant given a series of ambiguous photographs and asked to make a story out of it. |
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Unconscious Motivation
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"Implicit Motives"
Not aware of the motivator but it still drives behaviour. |
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Conscious Motivation
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"Explicit Motives"
Aware of the motivator that drives behaviour. |
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Behaviorist Perspective
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Motivation is based on Operant Conditioning.
Depriving basic needs causes tension and one is driven to reduce tension |
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Drive-Reduction
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Meeting a current need.
Hungry -> Find food. |
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Homeostasis
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Body's tendency to remain in a constant state so cells can live and function.
We strive to always stay at the set point. |
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Primary Drive
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Hunger, Thirst, Reproduction of Species, Shelter.
Things essential for survival. Innate. |
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Secondary Drive
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Learned Drives such as desire for status objects or money
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Incentive
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Stimulus activates drive tension rather than reduces it
See tasty food -> Feel hungry Smell tasty food -> Feel hungry |
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Cognitive Perspective
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Goal-Setting Theory
Expectancy-value theory (actual ability vs perceived ability) |
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Goal Setting Theory
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We set conscious goals for desired outcomes.
Eg. to change behaviours that are undesirable. |
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Intrinsic Motivation
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We do repeat actions because we receive some sort of enjoyment out of it.
We don't repeat "negative" behaviours even if they are detrimental they must be somewhat enjoyed. |
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Implicit Motivation
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Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.
Working towards a particular goal in a situation can cause the situation to be associated with the goal |
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Self-Determination Theory
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We have innate motivation for
- Competence - Autonomy - Relatedness Intrinsic motivation is highest when these are met. |
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Maslow's Hierachy or Needs
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People satisfy basic needs before higher levels.
Physiological Safety Belonging Esteem Self-Actualisation |
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Self-Actualization Needs
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Motivation to develop one's full potential.
Dreams and Aspirations being met. - Caring about others/ideals. - Being selfless - Create - Do worthwhile work |
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Instincts
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Relatively fixed behaviours that require no learning.
Old Evolutionary Perspectives: Animals are motivated by instincts, so are humans. |
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Inclusive Fitness
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Maximize reproductive success of self and genetically related others (family)
Motives that enhance survival and reproduction |
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Eating - Metabolism
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Process by which the body transforms good into energy.
Absorptive - Inject food Fasting - Body transforms food into energy |
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Eating - Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus
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Lateral Hypothalamus: turns ON hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: turns OFF hunger |
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Eating - Role of external clues
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Palatability (taste)
Variety Learned Factors (time of day or presence of others eating. Helps turn on/off hunger |
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Eating - Role of glucose
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Hunger is "turned on" when glucose levels drop
Hunger is "turned off" when the stomach walls sense glucose. |
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Conditioning
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Unconditioned responses can be associated with neutral stimulus
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Neural Stimulus
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Some stimulus that has no unconditioned response to it.
A door, an animal etc |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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Something naturally occuring that invokes a particular response
EG. Loud noises, great smelling food |
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Unconditioned Responce
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Innate response. Not learnt.
Eg. Fear, Salivating |
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Conditioned Stimulus/Response
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Once a NS has been paired with a UCS it evokes the same UCR as the UCS eg.
UCS -> UCR. UCS -> NS -> UCR. NS -> UCR |
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Obesity
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15%+ over ideal weight for one's height+age.
Correlates with socio-economic status Increased risk for Heart Attacks, Diabetes2, HBP |
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Sexual Motivation
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Universal drive that varies in expression by culture/individual.
Brain is primary sex organ in humans (behaviour is driven by fantasies as much as hormones) |
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Organizational Effects
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Developing circuitry of the brain and influences sex-related activity.
(developmental, determining baby's sex etc) |
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Activational Affects
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Hormones activate brain circuits that produces psychobiological changes
(hormones control sexual arousal to stimuli) |
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Sexual Orientation
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Direction of one's sexual attraction.
Homosexuality seems to have a strong genetic component. Kinsey Scale, sexuality is fluid |
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Biology of Homosexuality
- Hypothalamus differences - Prenatal Stress - Behavioral genetics |
Set of nuclei in hypothalamus found to be twice as big in hetero-men as opposed to homo-men and hetero-women
Increase in prenatal stress = shift in sexuality Homosexuality appears to be somewhat genetics |
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Psychosocial Needs
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Need for competency and understanding
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Need for Achievement
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Working hard towards a goal/success
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Performance Goals
- Approach - Avoidance - Mastery |
Approach: seek to achieve success
Avoidance: don't do thing in order to avoid failure Mastery: desire to master a skill |
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Emotion affects
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Physiological Arousal: same physical response to fear/love/surprise
Subjective Experience: How you label it (as fear/love/surprise etc) Behavior or Emotional Response: changes by your gender/culture |
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James - Lange Theory
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PNS -> CNS (after the fact). Body responds first.
[See bear->Sympathetic NS->Emotional response] |
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Cannon - Baird theory
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PNS and CNS react at the same time
[See bear -> Sympathetic NS and Emotional Response] |
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Happiness and Related Factors
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Individualistic cultures tend to be happier than collectivist cultures.
No correlation between money and happiness. Men/Women/Young/Old = equally happy |
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Emotional Expression
- display rules |
Patterns of expression that are considered appropriate in a given culture.
Facial expressions are similar cross-culturally but rules for when it's appropriate to express those emotions differ |
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Basic Emotions
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anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust
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Positive Affect
Negative Affect |
Positive: Pleasant emotions. Drives pleasure-seeking behaviours
Negative: Unpleasant. Drives avoidance behaviors |
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Emotional Hierachy
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A way of looking at emotion.
One pathway is Emotion -> Positive -> Love -> Fondness or Emotion -> Negative -> Anger -> Annoyance |
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Superordinate
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The main categories of Emotion
- Positive - Negative breaks into basic categories |
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Basic
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Positive leads to: Love, Joy
Negative leads to: Anger, Sadness, Fear |
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Subordinate
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More specific clarifications of the feeling
eg. Love: Fondness, Infatuation Joy: Bliss, Contentment, Pride Anger: Annoyance, Contempt, Hostility, Jealousy Sadness: Agony, Grief, Guilt, Loneliness Fear: Horror, Worry |
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Two pathways for processing emotion
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Quick Response: Thalamus -> Amygdala -> Hypothalamus. For emotions like fear.
Slow Response: Thalamus -> cortex -> Amygdala -> Hypothalamus. For emotions that are processed and thought about |
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Roles of
Hypothalamus Limbic System Cortex |
Hypothalamus: Converts emotional signals from higher levels to autonomic and endocrine responses
Limbic System: Understand emotional response to stimuli. Amygdala evaluates other people's emotions Cortex: Making choices, interpreting responses and regulating facial displays of emotion |
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Psychodynamic view
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Unconscious emotional processes can influence thought and behaviour
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Cognitive view (Schachter - Singer)
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Feelings influence cognitive processing and cognitive processing influences feelings.
(You can decide what the reaction will be eg. Surprise/Fear/Anger because the body's reaction is always the same, only the cognitive reaction changes |
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Evolutionary view
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Emotion plays an important role in communication between members of a species
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