Psy1102B: Chapter Five

Front 1

Developmental psychology studies (blank), cognitive, and (blank) change throughout the life span.

Back 1

1. Physical.

2. Social.

Front 2

What are the three major life stages as per developmental psychology?

Back 2

1. Childhood.

2. Adolescence.

3. Adulthood.

Front 3

Name the three psychologists most renowned in the field of developmental psychology.

Back 3

1. Jean Piaget.

2. Erik Erikson.

3. Lawrence Kholberg.

Front 4

Prenatal development occurs after (blank); that is to say, after the (blank) penetrates the (blank). How many days does it take for the zygote to implant on the uteral wall?

Back 4

1. Conception.

2. Ovum.

3. Sperm.

4. Six.

Front 5

Name the three stages of prenatal development.

Back 5

1. Zygote.

2. Embryo.

3. Foetus.

Front 6

A zygote undergoes cell differentiation. What is this?

Back 6

Cells purpose themselves for different biological development after rapid division. This includes the development of skin cells, stem cells, kidney cells, etc.

Front 7

The inter-cell mass becomes the (blank), whilst the outer cell mass becomes the (blank).

Back 7

1. Developing organism.

2. Supporting structures, such as the placenta and the yolk sack.

Front 8

Before the placenta forms, from where does the zygote acquire its energy?

Back 8

The yolk sack.

Front 9

The embryotic stage is extremely susceptible to (blank). What are three examples? What normally filters these agents?

Back 9

1. Teratogens.

2. Alcohol.

3. Drugs.

4. X-rays.

5. Placenta.

Front 10

At the eighth week, to what length has an embryo grown (in inches)?

Back 10

1. Two (2) inches.

Front 11

What development demarks the point where an embryo becomes a foetus?

Back 11

The formation of the first bone cells, such as the spinal cord.

Front 12

At what month does the foetus begin responding to sound? What about light?

Back 12

1. Sixth month.

2. Earlier than the sixth month.

Front 13

Using what evidence can psychologists assert that learning begins at approximately the sixth month in-utero?

Back 13

When born, children instinctively prefer their mothers' voice. This immediate preference supports the idea that learning therefore begins at the same time the amniotic fluid vibrations, caused by the mother's voice in-utero, are detected by the foetus.

Front 14

Define teratogens. What are some consequences of teratogens?

Back 14

1. Harmful agents in the prenatal environment that can cause birth defects.

2. Miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, physical and cognitive deficits, addiction, Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).

Front 15

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is most commonly associated with prolonged or short-term binge drinking within the first (blank) of conception.

Back 15

1. Three months.

Front 16

Newborn infants are born with built-in mechanisms called (blank). Name a few.

Back 16

1. Reflexes.

2. Sucking.

3. Blinking.

4. Pain reflex.

5. Feeding.

6. Crying.

Front 17

Unlike adults, newborns are able to (blank) and (blank) simultaneously. This is because their (blank) is located higher in their (blank).

Back 17

1. Eat.

2. Breathe.

3. Larynx.

4. Pharynx.

Front 18

Define habituation.

Back 18

The decreasing of responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarty with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Front 19

To combat habituation, it is enough to show a newborn an object of a different...

Back 19

Colour.

Front 20

To study newborns, psychologists must be prepared to make hefty (blank) about newborn behaviour. Why?

Back 20

1. Inferences.

2. Infants cannot communicate verbally or in writing their thoughts.

Front 21

Which three behaviours in newborns do psychologists study to better understand newborn thoughts and feelings?

Back 21

1. Gazing.

2. Sucking.

3. Orienting.

Front 22

When a newborn stares at something longer, psychologists infer that the newborn (blank) the object.

Back 22

Likes (or prefers).

Front 23

What instruments do psychologists use to study a newborn's gaze?

Back 23

Eye-tracking devices.

Front 24

Through research, psychologists note that newborns have a preference for (blank) and (blank). This is supported by evidence that newborns focus more on the (blank) than the (blank) when shown photos of animals.

Back 24

1. Face-like stimulus.

2. Contrast.

3. Face.

4. Body.

Front 25

Why do newborns prefer objects 8-12 inches away?

Back 25

When breastfeeding, infants are typically 8-12 inches away from their mothers' face.

Front 26

By what means do psychologists measure taste and sound preferences?

Back 26

They measure the rate of sucking.

Front 27

In terms of taste preferences, vigorous sucking indicates (blank). Infants naturally prefer (blank) and dislike (blank) and (blank) sustenance.

Back 27

1. Preference.

2. Sugar.

3. Bitter.

4. Sour.

Front 28

In terms of sound preferences, faster sucking indicates that an infant (blank) the sound, while slower sucking indicates that he or she (blank) the sound.

Back 28

1. Likes.

2. Prefers.

Front 29

Infants are naturally predisposed to prefer (blank), including (blank).

Back 29

1. Their mothers' voices.

2. Their mothers' spoken language.

Front 30

Through orientation, psychologists have learned that infants (blank) that towards which they turn. They have also learned that infants prefer (blank) as well as (blank).

Back 30

1. Prefer.

2. Their mothers' scent.

3. Human voices.

Front 31

From newborn studies, psychologists can conclude that humans have an inborn desire to (blank).

Back 31

Socialize.

Front 32

Define maturation.

Back 32

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Front 33

The developing brain cortex in-utero overproduces neurons, with the number peaking at how many weeks?

Back 33

Twenty-eight weeks.

Front 34

Between the ages of three and six, which area of the brain wildly develops?

Back 34

Frontal lobe.

Front 35

What area of the brain is the last area to develop in humans?

Back 35

Association area.

Front 36

In childhood, the 'use it or lose it' concept - as it pertains to synaptic links and neurons - is otherwise known as...

Back 36

Pruning.

Front 37

Motor development is considered to be (blank); however, the (blank) of development shows individual differences.

Back 37

1. Genetically influenced.

2. Timing.

Front 38

An infant's motor development occurs in a regular (blank) across all cultures, countries, peoples, etc. What does this mean in terms of motor development?

Back 38

1. Sequence.

2. Children do not run before they can crawl; children do not walk before they can lift their own heads.

Front 39

Evidence of genetic influence in motor development is seen in (blank). Meanwhile, timing can be affected by the (blank), as is the case of malnourished children.

Back 39

1. Identical (or monozygotic) twins.

2. Environment.

Front 40

Define infantile amnesia.

Back 40

Children are able to recall prominent events from 4-5 years of age; however, if the event occurred at age 3, the child would either not remember the event or misconstrue the details of the event.

Front 41

Define cognition.

Back 41

All of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Front 42

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's experiment with mobiles indicated that not only could infants (blank), but they could (blank) and (blank) between different mobiles.

Back 42

1. Learn.

2. Memorize.

3. Differentiate.

Front 43

Define schema.

Back 43

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Front 44

Define assimilation.

Back 44

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema; we attempt to make things 'fit' our models.

Front 45

Define accommodation.

Back 45

Realizing that an object does not fit an existing schema, we adapt our current schema to incorporate the new information.

Front 46

Through his research, Jean Piaget attested that children and adults...

Back 46

Reason differently.

Front 47

Child development and motor development are similar in that they are (blank), but the (blank) differs per child.

Back 47

1. Genetically influenced (or, sequential).

2. Timing.

Front 48

Schemas can be used to understand both (blank) and (blank) thoughts, objects and ideas.

Back 48

1. Physical (or, concrete).

2. Abstract.

Front 49

In a state of equilibrium, a person...

In a state of disequilibrium, a person...

Back 49

... understands everything around him/her, and endures zero confusion (matching schemas).

... does not understand part or all of something, leading to confusion (non-matching schemas).

Front 50

Name the four stages of development, as per Jean Piaget.

Back 50

1. Sensorimotor stage.

2. Concrete operational stage.

3. Preoperational stage.

4. Formal operation stage.

Front 51

In the context of the four stages of development, what does the term 'operation' mean?

Back 51

Mental processes (cognitive operations), such as arithmetic, reasoning, decision making, etc.

Front 52

In Piaget's theory, children in the sensorimotor stage know the world in terms of their (blank) impressions and (blank) activities.

Back 52

1. Sensory.
2. Motor.

Front 53

The sensorimotor stage occurs during which period of life (in years)?

Back 53

Birth to two years of age.

Front 54

Infants and toddlers in the sensorimotor stage experience the world only through (blank) and (blank). In this phase, children acquire an understanding of objects by (blank).

Back 54

1. Sense.

2. Actions.

3. Touching, feeling, and putting things in their mouths.

Front 55

Define object permanence. Until what age did Piaget believe infants are under the influence of object permanence?

Back 55

1. The awareness that things continue to exist when not being perceived.

2. Eight months.

Front 56

Recent studies indicate that three-month-old infants will (blank) at where an object disappeared, and five-month-old infants expect an object to (blank) from behind screens. The main difference is that until eight months of age, infants do not (blank) for the object that has 'disappeared'.

Back 56

1. Stare.

2. Reappear.

3. Search.

Front 57

In the sensorimotor phase, children have a (blank) view of the world rather than conceptual.

Back 57

Physical.

Front 58

(Blank): Exemplified by children staring longer when an object seemingly defies the (blank).

(Blank): Exemplified by children staring longer when the (blank) does not match their expectations.

Back 58

1. Baby physics.

2. Laws of physics.

3. Baby math.

4. Number of objects.

Front 59

Explain object manipulation in children during the sensorimotor stage.

Back 59

Although initially consistent, children explore objects by putting them in their mouths. When an object becomes too large for their mouths, they drop it on the floor instead. If the object is too large or heavy to be dropped, children push it to interact.

Front 60

Define preoperational stage. When does it occur?

Back 60

1. The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
2. From two years old to about seven years old.

Front 61

True or false: five-year-old children are able to "place themselves in other people's shoes" in order to view things from different perspectives.

Back 61

False. Children at this age experience egocentrism and are unable to do this.

Front 62

True or false: five-year-old children are not able to examine more than one variable when presented with a problem or question (i.e. height, volume, weight, etc.).

Back 62

True. Children who see two identical glasses of milk with identical volumes will assume that, when one glass of milk is poured into a taller a glass, the taller glass has more milk due to a change in height.

Front 63

Define conservation.

Back 63

The principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite a change in form.

Front 64

Define centration.

Back 64

The inability of children in the preoperatonal stage to understand conservation and to instead focus on a single dimension.

Front 65

During the preoperational stage, children are able to understand that a (blank) represents a large space. They also engage in (blank) as well as (blank).

Back 65

1. Model.

2. Symbolic thinking.

3. Pretend play.

Front 66

Define curse of knowledge as it pertains to egocentrism.

Back 66

The assumption that something that is clear to us must be clear to other people. This extends to what we see and hear must be able to be seen by others, even if the other person has a visual or auditory obstruction or impairment.

Front 67

Around age five, children begin to lose their (blank) and develop a (blank).

Back 67

1. Egocentrism.

2. Theory of mind.

Front 68

Define theory of mind.

Back 68

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states, such as their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviours these might predict.

Front 69

Children between the ages of three and four and a half begin to believe that others may hold (blank). Explain.

Back 69

1. False beliefs (part of the theory of mind).

2. If shown an object containing an unexpected object, younger children will assume that their friends will expect the unexpected object because of false belief; however, kindergarteners will be able to understand that their peers will be fooled.

Front 70

Children with autism spectrum disorder or deafness have exhibited difficulties infering others' (blank).

Back 70

States of mind.

Front 71

Children in the preoperational stage lack heirarchal classification understanding. Explain.

Back 71

They are unable to understand that an object can have two different categories or classifications. For example, if it is the child's birthday, it cannot also be Wednesday.

Front 72

Symbolic thinking is exemplified by children in the preoperational stage through...

Back 72

1. Pretend play.

2. Imitation play.

3. Language development.

4. Models representing real places.

5. Objects representing different objects.

Front 73

Define concrete operational stage.

Back 73

The stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to thinking logically about concrete events.

Front 74

Children enter the concrete operational stage at what age? Which aspects are children now able to understand?

Back 74

1. Six or seven.

2. Conservation.

3. Reversibility.

4. Centration.

5. Heirarchal classification.

Front 75

The concrete operational stage is defined by children becoming more (blank) about what kind of ideas?

Back 75

1. Logical.

2. Concrete ideas.

Front 76

True or false: a child in the concrete operational stage is able to solve problems in their minds without any physical / concrete prompts.

Back 76

False. Children do not understanding abstract ideas or hypotheses until approximately age twelve (formal operational stage).

Front 77

Define formal operational stage. When is this stage said to begin, according to Piaget?

Back 77

1. The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

2. Approximately twelve years of age.

Front 78

Give three examples of abstract concepts that could be explored in the formal operational stage.

Back 78

1. Does God exist?

2. Equality versus equity.

3. "The chip in my hand is green and not green."

Front 79

In the formal operational stage, there is a tendency to prefer (equality/equity), whilst in the concrete operational stage, there is a tendency to prefer (equality/equity).

Back 79

1. Equity.

2. Equality.

Front 80

In the formal operational stage, children develop (blank) problem solving and rely less on (blank) when performing logical operations.

Back 80

1. Systematic.

2. Concrete prompts, evidence, examples, or proofs.

Front 81

While Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the (blank) environment, Lev Vygotsky emphasized the (blank) environment.

Back 81

1. Physical.

2. Social.

Front 82

Define scaffolding.

Back 82

The ability to acquire new or improve existing cognitive abilities through the assistance of a mentor, thereby allowing the child to attain new heights.

Front 83

According to Vygotsky, what fundamental knowledge is the building block for higher thinking?

Back 83

Language.

Front 84

In order to reach all formal operational stage in all cognitive development areas, Piaget suggests that the subject must be (blank) through (blank) or through (blank).

Back 84

1. Challenged.

2. Interaction.

3. Higher education.

Front 85

What characterizes autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

Back 85

1. An impaired theory of mind.

2. Normal intelligence.

3. Exceptional talent in a specific area.

4. Impaired ability to read facial expressions.

5. Inhibited social skills.

6. Deficient communication skills.

Front 86

What is the ratio of ASD between boys and girls? According to psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen, what factors may account for this difference?

Back 86

1. 4:1.

2. ASD is the result of an "extreme male brain" (testosterone). As men are genetically less empathetic and more systematic (mathematics, logic), they are more at risk of developing ASD.

Front 87

Which vaccine was boycotted by parents beginning in 1998 due to concerns of an increase risk of their children developing ASD?

Back 87

MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) vaccination.

Front 88

If one monozygotic twin is diagnosed with ASD, what is the percent chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with ASD? This indicates that there is a (blank) influence.

Back 88

1. Approximately 50-70%.

2. Genetic.

Front 89

How many genes have so far been identified to contribute to mutations correlated with ASD?

Back 89

Over 200.

Front 90

The Harlow monkeys inadvertently became a study in (blank) theory. When the monkeys exhibited (blank) when their blankets were removed, Harlow created an experiment using wired "surrogate mothers" and disproved that attachment is founded on (blank).

Back 90

1. Attachment.

2. Separation anxiety.

3. Nourishment.

Front 91

Define critical period as it pertains to attachment. It is important that parents are (blank) during this period in order to ensure proper development of (blank).

Back 91

1. An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

2. Responsive.

3. Social skills and trust.

Front 92

Define imprinting.

Back 92

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

Front 93

True or false: children imprint like animals do on their mothers and fathers.

Back 93

False. Children instead develop fondness through exposure.

Front 94

What are the two determinants of attachment style in children?

Back 94

1. How reponsive the parents are.
2. Child temperment.

Front 95

Children who are raised in adversity or who have been the victims of sexual assault usually become functioning adults due to their (blank).

Back 95

Resilience (or, mental toughness).

Front 96

True or false: if the adversity faced in childhood is too intense and/or lasts far too long, victims may never become fully functioning adults.

Back 96

True. Even Harlow's monkeys, when separated completed from others until adulthood, were unable to reintegrate and showed distress, were unable to mate and, if artificially inseminated, because abusive towards their young.

Front 97

What is the chance that an abused child will become an abusive parent later in life?

Back 97

Approximately 30%.

Front 98

Extreme early trauma leave (blank) on the brain, altering normal (blank). Children may become more reactive to (blank) - even in their sleep - and in adulthood, they may exhibit stronger (blank).

Back 98

1. Epigenetic marks.

2. Gene expression.

3. Angry voices.

4. Startle response.

Front 99

Detachment is a (blank), not an event. Explain.

Back 99

1. Process.

2. First, adults preoccupy themselves with the lost partner. This is followed by deep sadness and, eventually, the beginnings of emotional detachment. Finally, there is a return to "normal living".

Front 100

Define self-concept.

Back 100

All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves that answer the question "Who am I?".

Front 101

Name the three parenting styles.

Back 101

1. Authoritarian.

2. Permissive.

3. Authoritative.

Front 102

Explain the authoritarian parenting style.

Back 102

Parents use coercion and are demanding towards their children i.e. "Don't interrupt", "Why? Because I said so".

Front 103

Explain the permissive parenting style.

Back 103

Parents are unrestraining and make few demands. Punishment is limited, and parents may be indifferent, unresponsive, or unwilling to set limits.

Front 104

Explain the authoritative parenting style.

Back 104

Parents are confrontive: they are both demanding and responsive. They set rules and define punishments; however, they also encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

Front 105

Research indicates that the children with the highest self-esteems, self-reliance and social competence are those who were raised by...

Back 105

An authoritative parent.

Front 106

What are the three stages of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning?

Back 106

1. Pre-conventional morality.

2. Conventional morality.

3. Post-conventional morality.

Front 107

Explain pre-conventional morality. Until what age do children foster this stage of morality?

Back 107

1. Children see right as being positively associated with awards; meanwhile, the 'wrong' thing to do is associated with punishment.

2. Nine years of age.

Front 108

Explain conventional morality. What three characteristics (that begin with the letter 'C') are intimately interlaced with this stage of morality?

Back 108

1. Adolescents see right and wrong as being associated with social harmony, the greater good and family or peer approval.

2. Conformity, convention and custom.

Front 109

Explain post-conventional morality. How is post-conventional morality and Jean Piaget's formal operational phase similar?

Back 109

1. People judge actions on the degree to which they are consistent with self-chosen principles i.e. human rights (life and death), dignity, justice.

2. They are similar in that not everyone will reach this stage of development without some kind of instructional experience.

Front 110

Consider this: Mary and John, who are siblings, have protected, consensual intercourse, and they decide to keep this experience private. How would someone in the conventional morality stage, who was born and raised in urban Ontario with a "Canadian" heritage, react to this?

Back 110

Incestual intercourse is against the law, and family and friends would definitely disprove of this due to social constructs. Therefore, Mary and John's sexual experience together was immoral.

Front 111

A 60-year-old man determines that it is immoral to steal a life-saving medication from a pharmacy in order to certainly save a human life because stealing is against the law. On this basis alone, is the man in the pre-conventional, conventional or post-conventional stage of moral development?

Back 111

Conventional stage.

Front 112

In the post-conventional stage of moral development, which two factors trump everything else?

Back 112

1. Human rights.

2. Human dignities.

Front 113

I better not do that; I could get punished. Which stage of morality involves this type of self-interest thinking?

Back 113

Pre-conventional.

Front 114

Which two stages of morality development are characterized by concrete thinking?

Back 114

Pre-conventional and conventional.

Front 115

Name the two systems involved with morality.

Back 115

1. The intuitive system.

2. The reasoning system.

Front 116

Contrast the intuitive system and the reasoning system.

Back 116

Intuitive system: automatic and unintentional; fast and effortless; unconscious process whose result is only accessible by the conscious awareness.

Reasoning system: intentional and controllable; slow and effortful; process is consciously accessible and viewable.

Front 117

Jonathan Haidt firmly believes that morality is based almost entirely on the...

Back 117

Intuitive system.

Front 118

What are the two advantages for reasoning?

Back 118

1. Communicating intuitions.

2. Modifying others' perceptive intuitions (or your own).

Front 119

Adolescence is defined as the period in one's life between (blank) and (blank).

Back 119

1. Puberty.

2. Independence.

Front 120

Define puberty.

Back 120

The period of sexual maturation during which reproduction becomes possible.

Front 121

Menarche is the first (blank). Girls are reaching this stage faster now; what are three explanations?

Back 121

1. Menstrual period.

2. Diet, stress and/or obesity.

Front 122

Which part of the brain is still developing during the adolescent years? What does this say about an adolescent's impulse control?

Back 122

1. The cerebral (or frontal) cortex.

2. Because this area is still in development during puberty, adolescents engage in riskier behaviour due to lack of impulse control. Adolescents are less capable of fully accounting for the consequences of their actions when considering partaking in risky behaviours.

Front 123

Compared to adults, adolescents find more pleasure in (blank). By what age are humans considered to have fully-developed frontal cortex?

Back 123

1. Rewards.

2. Around twenty-five.

Front 124

What can impair the proper development of the frontal cortex?

Back 124

1. Alcohol and substance abuse during adolescence.

Front 125

Moral actions feed moral (blank).

Back 125

Attitudes.

Front 126

Future academic, vocational and social success are associated positively with our capacity to...

Back 126

Delay satisfication / control impulses.

Front 127

Indicate the eight stages of psychosocial development, as per Erik Erikson, as well as their age spans.

Back 127

1. Infancy (birth until first birthday).

2. Toddlerhood (one year to three years).

3. Preschool (three to six years).

4. Elementary school (six years to puberty).

5. Adolescence (puberty into 20s).

6. Young adulthood (20s to early 40s).

7. Middle adulthood (40s to 60s).

8. Late adulthood (60s until death).

Front 128

During the infancy stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 128

Trust versus mistrust.

Front 129

During the toddlerhood stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 129

Autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Front 130

During the preschool stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 130

Initiative versus guilt.

Front 131

During the elementary school stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 131

Competence versus inferiority.

Front 132

During the adolescence stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 132

Identity versus role confusion.

Front 133

During the young adulthood stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 133

Intimacy versus isolation.

Front 134

During the middle adulthood stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 134

Generativity versus stagnation.

Front 135

During the late adulthood stage, which psychosocial issue is being addressed?

Back 135

Integrity versus dispair.

Front 136

Define identity. Which stage of psychosocial development integrates various roles in order to find identity?

Back 136

1. Our sense of self.

2. Adolescence.

Front 137

Define social identity.

Back 137

The aspect of our self-concept that derives from our social group memberships.

Front 138

In order for something to be self-conscious, there must be a contrast existence of a (blank).

Back 138

Other; that which is not the self.

Front 139

One of the key tasks in adolescence is for teenagers to find a sense of (blank) in the community.

Back 139

Purpose.

Front 140

According to Erik Erikson, intimacy is defined as...

Back 140

The ability to form close, loving relationships.

Front 141

Define emerging adulthood.

Back 141

In Western cultures, this designates adults at 18 years of age until the mid-twenties who have not achieved full independence.

Front 142

Emerging adulthood's upper limit occurs at the same time as the (blank) has finished developing.

Back 142

Cerebral (or frontal) cortex.

Front 143

What are the "five milestones" of adulthood?

Back 143

1. Finish education.

2. Leave home.

3. Become financially independent.

4. Marry.

5. Procreate.

Front 144

Since 1920, the average age of marriage has increased, to (blank) for women and (blank) for men. What percentage of adults have not met the "five milestones" of adulthood by age thirty?

Back 144

1. 27.

2. 29.

3. More than 50%.

Front 145

In early adulthood, muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output all begin to...

Back 145

Decline.

Front 146

Physical decline (blank) in the middle adulthood stage. (blank) gradually declines, especially in women as they approach (blank).

Back 146

1. Accelerates.

2. Fertility.

3. Menopause.

Front 147

Contrary to belief, (blank) can endure long into the late adulthood stage, with notable changes occurring after 75.

Back 147

Sexual desire.

Front 148

Since 1950, life expectancy has increased from 46.5 years of age to (blank) in Canada.

Back 148

82.

Front 149

Worlwide, women outlive men by (blank) years.

Back 149

4.6.

Front 150

Currently, (blank) of the world is above the age of 60. By 2050, this number is expected to increase to (blank).

Back 150

1. 10% (or, 1 in 10).

2. 20% (or, 2 in 10).

Front 151

Describe the function of telomeres in aging. What other factors are involved that accelerate these effects?

Back 151

1. Telomeres (the tips of chromosomes) fray as age increases. As telomeres shorten, they may not be replaced with perfect genetic replicas, thus shortening life.

2. Obesity, smoking, stress and childhood abuse.

Front 152

Describe the death-deferral phenomenon.

Back 152

When people are happy, such as at Christmas, they may not die when "expected" due to positive attitudes or atmospheres. They instead die after the event has passed i.e. Christmas.

Front 153

Describe some of the effects of aging on sensory abilities, strength, and stamina.

Back 153

1. Pupils shrink and lens become less transparent, reducing the amount of light that reaches the retina and impacting vision.

2. Hearing and sense of smell diminish.

3. Muscle strength and stamina diminish.

Front 154

People over 65 are actually (blank) as likely to suffer upper respiratory flu than 20-year-olds due to a lifelong accumulation of (blank).

Back 154

1. Half (50%).

2. Antibodies.

Front 155

Brain regions important to memory (blank) during aging. However, the brain remains (blank), which somewhat compensates for these changes.

Back 155

1. Atrophy (or, degenerate).

2. Plastic.

Front 156

How does physical exercise inhibit the aging process?

Back 156

Physical exercise enhances muscles and bones and helps to prevent obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Exercise also helps to maintain the telomeres and inhibit them from fraying. Mentally, exercise stimulates nerve development and synapses. Neurogenesis is promoted, cellular mitochdonria is increased, and brain shrinkage is reduced.

Front 157

In late adulthood, if asked to name the most memorable memories, adults typically answer with experiences from (blank). Why might this be?

Back 157

1. Adolescence.
2. Period of "firsts": first kiss, first day at college, first time meeting in-laws, first sexual escapade, etc.

Front 158

People in middle adulthood experience a reduction in (blank). While recognition remains intact, (blank) without stimulus is significantly reduced.

Back 158

1. Memory.

2. Recollection (or, recall).

Front 159

Prospective memory is the ability to...

While young adults have a strong prospective memory, older adults must often rely on (blank).

Back 159

1. Remember information or tasks that are pertinent for the future, either near or far.

2. Visual cues and triggers.

Front 160

What is a cross-sectional study?

Back 160

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Front 161

What is a longitudinal study?

Back 161

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Front 162

When does terminal decline occur?

Back 162

In the last three or four years of life, when cognitive decline accelerates and negative feelings increase.

Front 163

Define neurocognitive disorder (NCD). Example?

Back 163

1. An acquired (not lifelong) disorder marked by cognitive deficits, formerly called dimentia.

2. Example: Alzheimer's disease.

Front 164

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back 164

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

Front 165

Explain how Alzheimer's disease progressively erodes the brain's various functions.

Back 165

First, memory deteriorates, then reasoning. As the disease runs its course, within 5-20 years the person becomes emotionally flat, then disoriented and disinhibited, then incontinent, and finally mentally vacant.

Front 166

What are the two underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 166

1. Loss of brain cells.

2. Deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter vital to memory and thinking. Plaque forms on the receptors of neurons and blocks synaptic communication.

Front 167

In what ways can Alzheimer's disease be possibly detected early?

Back 167

1. Testing gene susceptibility.

2. Checking spinal fluid for the culprit protein fragments.

3. Noticing a diminishing sense of smell or difficulty walking.

4. Detection of degeneration of critical brain cells and diminished brain activity.

5. Detection of diffusion of brain activity.

Front 168

Define social clock.

Back 168

The culturally-preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement.

Front 169

Define vow power. How does it relate directly to improvement in women's rights?

Back 169

1. Commitments made on paper - i.e. marriage, certification, etc. - last longer than commonlaw.

2. People in general are more educated, but divorce is more common. Women are no longer dependent on men for their lifestyle. As a result, women are able to leave partners for reasons such as lost love, abuse, etc. whereas before, divorce was not a viable option.

Front 170

According to Sigmund Freud, a healthy adult is one who can (blank) and (blank).

Back 170

1. Love.

2. Work.

Front 171

True or false: intimacy is defined as being productive and supporting future generations, whilst generativity is defined as the forming of close relationships, according to Erik Erikson.

Back 171

False. It is the inverse that is true: generativity is productivity and support, while intimacy is the forming of close relationships.

Front 172

True or false: heterosexual and homosexual couples have reported higher rates of happiness when married than when they were single.

Back 172

True. The textbook refers explicitly to lesbian couples as the source of their statistics in homosexual couples.

Front 173

John Gottman reported one indicator of marital success. What was it?

Back 173

A 5:1 ratio of positive interactions : negative interactions.

Front 174

(blank), supported by enhanced emotional control, grow after midlife and (blank) subside.

Back 174

1. Positive feelings.

2. Negative feelings.

Front 175

What are some cognitive advantages in late adulthood compared to adolescence?

Back 175

1. Focus more on positives than negatives.

2. Equal self-esteem.

3. Fewer relationship problems.

4. Less attachment anxiety.

5. Less stressed.

6. Less angry.

7. More stable and accepting / tolerant.

8. Bad feelings fade faster; good feelings stick around.

Front 176

Grieving the loss of a child is difficult. In one Danish study, (blank) of Danes having suffered this loss had psychiatric hospitalization - a (blank) higher rate than among other parents.

Back 176

1. 3%.

2. 67%.

Front 177

Contrary to popular belief, not everyone experiences the (blank), and of the people who do, it is not necessarily in the order suggested.

Back 177

Five Stages of Grief.

Front 178

Grieving parents who do not address the death may actually inadvertently (blank) the grieving period.

Back 178

Prolong.

Front 179

Describe the biopsychosocial infuences of successful aging.

Back 179

1. Biological: no genetic predisposition to early cognitive or physical decline; appropriate nutrition.

2. Psychological: optimism; physically and mentally active lifestyle.

3. Social-cultural: support from family and friends; cultural respect for aging; safe living conditions.