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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is consciousness?
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our AWARENESS of ourselves and our environment
types of consciousness: -automaticity:something you do not think about doing anymore (writing) -selective attention: choose to focus on one thing (ex: gorilla in that basketball video) |
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what is sleep?
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natural periodic loss of consciousness
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biological rhythms and sleep
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> 24 hr biological clock: circadian rhythm (internal clock), it can get messed up by little lights in your room cause it messes up your clock. (dont work out within 2 hours of sleep because if messes up your clock, by raising body temp)
>90 MINUTE sleep cycle: we pass 5 stages of sleep every 90 minutes REM (stage 5) is they period where you dream (if on alcohol or drugs you wont reach REM) with each cycle your REM gets longer |
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stages of sleep
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stage 1: -when you first doze off, jerk yourself out of sleep, THETA
stage 2: sleep spindles stage3: DELTA stage 4:DELTA (deeper sleep), can still hear things around you (a dog bark) you just might put them in your dream instead REM:theta and beta |
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What is the “dual processing” being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience?
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discovered a two-track human mind, each with its own neural processing. This dual processing affects our perception, memory, and attitudes at an explicit, conscious level and at an implicit, unconscious level.
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How much information do we consciously attend to at once?
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We selectively attend to, and process, a very limited aspect of incoming information. We even display inattentional blindness, blocking out events and changes in our visual world. Shifting the spotlight of our attention from one thing to another contributes to car and pedestrian accidents.
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How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?
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Our internal biological rhythms create periodic physiological fluctuations. The circadian rhythm’s 24-hour cycle regulates our daily schedule of sleeping and waking, in part in response to light on the retina. Shifts in schedules can reset our biological clock.
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How does sleep loss affect us?
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Sleep deprivation causes fatigue and impairs concentration, creativity, and communication. It also can lead to obesity, hypertension, a suppressed immune system, irritability, and slowed performance (with greater vulnerability to accidents. ex: daylight savings: when we spring ahead an hour= more accidents).
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Why do we sleep?
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1.may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods; gives the brain time to (2) restore and repair damaged neurons and (3) store and rebuild memories of the day’s experiences. Sleep also (4) promotes creative problem solving the next day, and (5) encourages growth (the pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone in Stage 4 sleep).
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what do we dream?
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We usually dream of ordinary events and everyday experiences, most involving some anxiety or misfortune. Fewer than 10 percent (and less among women) of dreams have any sexual content. Most dreams occur during REM sleep; those that happen during non-REM sleep tend to be vague fleeting images.
Manifest content:dreams reflect traces of experiences and thoughts latent content (freud): dreams represent unconscious drive external stimuli: taking a noise you hear and putting it in your dream |
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The activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams
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are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.
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In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their
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latent content, or hidden meaning.
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During sleep we pass through a cycle of five stages, each with characteristic brain waves. As the night progresses, the REM stage
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REM gets progressively longer
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The brain emits large, slow delta waves during the deepest stage of sleep, called
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stage 4
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During Stage 1 light sleep, a person is most likely to experience
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stage 1
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We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of __________ processing. When we devote full conscious attention to stimuli, we use __________ processing.
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parallel, serial
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dual processing
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the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.
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inattentional blindness
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failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
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change blindness
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failing to notice changes in the environment.
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manifest content
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
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latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
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Selective attention is best illustrated by which of the following?
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A. change blindness
B. inattentional blindness C. cocktail party effect d. all D |
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Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her PDA and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of:
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parrallel processing
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Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:
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selective attention
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Your best friend is going to have a baby in two months and has invited you to attend the homebirth. She has asked if you think a hypnotic suggestion will help alleviate the pain of childbirth. You tell her:
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yes, because hypnosis can help to disassociate the sensation of pain from emotional suffering.
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Dissociation has been used as an explanation for:
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hypnotic pain relief
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Research on addictive drugs most clearly indicates that:
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most of america's smokers were able to kick the habit on their own
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Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by:
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decreasing the amount of time spent in REM
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Evidence suggests that heredity influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems. Which of the following findings supports this theory?
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Having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism.
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Twenty-five-year-old, Nellie, is an accountant who often goes out with coworkers after work to relax. Which of the following is a warning sign of alcoholism?
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she sometimes drinks to alleviate depression or anxiety
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An instinct is a complex behavior that has a _____________ throughout a species and is:
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fixed pattern; unlearned
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Lara’s mouth is dry and she realizes that she hasn’t had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. Watching people drink large glasses of soda is driving her nuts and the next chance she gets, she will get an extra large drink. Which of the following can be used to explain why she is motivated to get a drink?
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drive reduction theory
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Taste preferences in humans are the result of:
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culture, environmental factor, body chemistry
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______________ is a protein secreted by fat cells and when abundant causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
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leptin
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A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its _____________ is destroyed.
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lateral hypothalamus
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During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?
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resolution phase
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Seventeen-year-old, Vanessa, just found out she is pregnant. Which of the following likely contributed to her unplanned pregnancy?
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. sensitivity to the need for birth control
B. excess communication with her parents about birth control C. alcohol use D. high levels of estrogen c |
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Unlike many of his friends, Vance has not had sexual intercourse. Which of the following factors have likely contributed to his abstinence?
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high intelligence
B. mass media exposure to unprotected promiscuity C. high levels of testosterone D. high levels of estrogen A |
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Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates gender differences in:
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erotic plasticity
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why do we dream?
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1. satisfy out own wishes (freud): dream symbols reflect unconscious drives
2. file away memories 3. preserve neural pathways (physiological functions) 4. make sense of neural activity (activation-synthesis theory) 5. assist in cognitive development: information processing (sift and sort, consolidate memories) |
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dreams
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4-5 a night (1/3 of your life asleep and 5 years of dreaming)
what do you typically dream about? work, school, family -about 80% is negative content -the brain has trouble telling if its reality or not reoccurring dreams: 64% of women have them and 55% of men have them |
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types of dreams :Night mares
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- anglo saxon word "mare" = demon
-cause disturbing emotions: anger, guilt sadness, fear -children, those with exaggerated sensitivity CAUSES: medications, illness/ fever, traumatic events, stress Remedies: write about it, imagine a better ending |
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types of dreams: Lucid dreams
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what are they? lighter stage of sleep, you actually know you are dreaming, you have some control over course of events
why beneficial? experience adventure, overcome fears can you learn it? recount your dreams, reminders, set your clock -conscious brain is awake in the dream, it feels more real |
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types of dreams: Creative dreams
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-making seemingly unrelated connections relevant: scientific break throughs, writing, music, art, etc.
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dream themes: taking a test
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-feelings: you dont feel prepared, dont have needed info, cant remember
what freud thinks about it: examiner= parents, you dont meet expectations, guilt from sexual misconduct what others think: general feeling of uncertainty, part of you knows the right answer, opportunity to succeed |
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dream themes: Nakedness
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feelings: inopportune situation, in front of people you dont know
what freud thinks: actual memory, wish to return to exhibtionist tendencies of childhood others: anxiety, vulnerablility, reaction of others= what you feel about self |
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dream theme: Losing teeth
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feelings: teeth crumbling, falling out
what crazy freud thinks: castration anxiety, men are 3X more likely to have this dream what others think: metaphor for loss of power, fear of old age/unattractiveness, physical, emotional injury |
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dream themes: Animals
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dogs: can mean friendship. loyalty, relationship growing in strength or fading
Cats: represent the feminine, cultural expectations of female, untamed female energies |
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dream themes: Falling
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-fall from grace, descent into hell, loss of status/ control
situation: depends on what happened before the fall, could mean fear or insecurity nice falls: haven't felt grounded, return to reality |
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dream themes: being chased
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-sense of urgency
-intense fear -being paralyzed what freud thinks: fulfill wish for sexual encounter others: running from something within self better to confront |
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what is hypnosis?
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social interaction in which 1 person SUGGEST to another that certain perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors will spontaneously occur
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how would you study if hypnosis can make you cant against your own will?
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The acid test:
-people WILLINGLY dipped hands into "acid" -later did not recall it and claimed they would never do this -control group performed same acts Unclear but seems unlikely: people are willing to do much more than they think |
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how does hypnosis work?
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dissociation through divided consciousness: split in consciousness
-allows some thoughts or behaviors to occur simultaneous with others Social influence theory: hypnotized people are "role playing" |
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how hypnosis works:
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attention is diverted from
an aversive odor. how? --->social influence theory: the subject is so caught up in role playing that she ignores the odor OR Divided-consciousness theory---> hypnosis has caused a split in awareness |
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can hypnosis enhance memory recall?
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Not so much.
hypnotically refreshed memories often combine fiction with fact |
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can hypnosis make people act against their will?
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not so much.
peoples willingness are likely due to social influence think: Milgram-Stanley Milgram demonstrated: An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people—hypnotized or not—to perform some unlikely acts. Hypnosis researcher Nicholas Spanos (1982) put it directly: “The overt behaviors of hypnotic subjects are well within normal limits.” |
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can hypnosis alleviate pain?
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yes, acute pain more so than chronic pain
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what CAN hypnosis do?
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Spiegel: operative hypnosis
-hypnotized subjects used less medication -they experienced less pain -had less anxiety -operations on hypnotized patients averaged 17 minutes shorter -cost reduced |
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are hypnotized people faking it?
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no, they are like actors getting caught up in their role
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dissociation
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a split between different levels of consciousness.
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hypnotic pain relief
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Hypnosis does not block sensory input, but it may block our attention to those stimuli.
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more about hypnosis
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hypnosis can be an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and our automatic behaviors.
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what power does a hypnotist have over a subject?
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Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Hypnotized people, like unhypnotized people, may perform unlikely acts when told to do so by an authoritative person. Posthypnotic suggestions have helped people harness their own healing powers but have not been very effective in treating addiction. Hypnosis can help relieve pain, but it does not enhance recall of forgotten events (it may even evoke false memories).
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drugs and consciousness
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drugs: almost all substances have some effect on our mental states or behavior
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drugs vs poison
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poisons are meant to kill
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psychoactive drugs
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chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
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addiction
common features of addiction cravings and relapse |
physical and psychic dependence (ex: cigarettes. you are physically addicted to nicotene, if you quit for 3 days you are no longer physically addicted just mentally need that sensation)
positive reinforcement: adds a good feeling negative reinforcement:head aches, withdrawals (need that high to take those away) |
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DRUGS
tolerence: |
diminshing effect with regular use. need more to get the same high (you'll never get that same high again)
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DRUGS
withdrawal: |
-discomfort (physical and psychological) after discontinuing use. Cold Turkey can actually kill you (especially with ALcohol)
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hard thing about cravings and relapse
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people actually have to change most aspects of their lives to get away from relapsing
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Depressants
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-drugs that reduce neural activity: alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
-slows body funx -most people die from depressants because the body forgets to tell the brain to simply breathe. |
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depressant: Alcohol
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affects motor skills, judgement, and memory
reduces self awareness (GABA) |
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depressants: Barbiturates
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety by impairing memory and judgement
-drugs prescribed for anxiety -can kill you easily |
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opiates
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opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety -HIGHLY ADDICTIVE -its the trend is to use heroin because they can't get prescription drugs |
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Stimulants : amphetamines
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stimulates neural activity, causing body funx enhancement and mood changes
-3X more powerful than coccaine stimulants in general: drugs that excite the neural activity: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines |
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stimulants: coccaine
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effects depend on dosage, form and expectations, personality and situation
made as: cocoa leaves, power and crack -blocks dopamine transporter -think heart attack b/c everything is going so fast |
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DRUGS: hallucinogens
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-psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input: LSD and MDMA (ECSTASY!!)
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DRUGS: hallucinogens: LSD
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LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide
- a POWERFUL hallucinogen -also known as acid - no known long term affects -malingerers: one's that fake they are stick in a permienant high -synethically manufactured |
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DRUGS: hallucinogens- THC
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the major active ingredient in marijuana
- triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations Dr. Dreher: does research on marijuana (in jamiaca): she found that pregnant women who smoked weed had slight fetal problems, but as they grew up they had a "better outcome" |
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DMT
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naturally produced inside your brain
produced during REM has triptiphan: which makes you feel good -supposedly you can't get addicted or have withdrawals (can be a habit though) |
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why you might get addicted to drugs
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biology: predisposition
culture: social and religious self medication |
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what is motivation?
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the NEED or DESIRE that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal
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perspectives on motivation
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>instinct and evolutionary perspective: your motivated by instincts, how we survive, they are not learned, they are fixed patterns (like the birds flying in a V)
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perspectives on motivation: Drive-reduction theory
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>a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (or drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
-you have a drive/need and you do thinks to saatisfy that need ex: eat when your hungry -that drive is trying to make you achieve homeostasis -PUSHED by need to reduce drives -PULLED by incentives (positive and negative stimuli) |
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perspectives on motivation: Arousal theory
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>optimal arousal: aim for this
-brought on by curiosity not a need. -exploration |
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Hierarchy of motives
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- Maslow 1970: certain needs have priority over others
1. physiological needs (food) 2. safety needs 3. belonging and love needs 4. esteem needs 5. self-actualization needs |
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what plays into eating behavior
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Biological influences: appetite hormones, set weight point, stomach pangs
Psychological influences: sight and smell of food variety of foods available memory of time elapsed mood Social-Cultural Influences: cultural learned taste preferences learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness |
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physiology of hunger
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the stomach contracts (pangs) and sends signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger
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hunger and the BRAIN
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the hypothalamus: signals sent to hypothalamus from stomach and intestines and liver.
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Hunger and the BRAIN: lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus |
-brings on hunger
-destroying it doesn't work for obese people because then they would be come anorexic with no motivation to eat -depresses hunger tells you when your full destroyed=excessive eating |
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hunger and the brain: set point
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manipulating the lateral and the VMH alters the body's "weight thermostat" , its where your body wants to be (whether that is good or not)
-heredity influences set point and body type |
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psychology of hunger
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memory plays an important role in hunger. due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food
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taste preference:
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body chem and environmental factors influence not only what we eat but how much and when we eat
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OBESITY
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disorder of being excessively over weight
increases your risk for just about any disease death rate high among very overweight men BMI healthy under 25 (22 is optimum) overweight 25-29 obese over 30 |
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genetic factors of obesity
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if they have a defective gene for the hormone leptin (they will be overweight)
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other contributing factors of obesity
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- activity or lack of activity: office jobs
-food consumption: super size it, food consumption has gone up |
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possible reasons for eating disorders
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sexual abuse
family genetics pressure: societal and peer |
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sex and motivation
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-hunger responds to a need
-in the same sense, sex is not a need because if we do not die, or do we? the human race as a whole would die, but an individual would not |
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what affects our sexual motivation?
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biological: sexual maturity
sex hormones sexual orientation psychological: exposure to stimulating conditions sexual fantasies socio-cultural: family and society values religious and personal values cultural expectations |
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masters and johnson describe the human sexual response cycle in 4 consisting phases:
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1. excitement (sometimes desire comes before)
2.plateau 3. orgasm (sensation is same for both sexes, further evidence from PET scans) 4.resolution (body returns to unaroused state, refactory period [differs with everyone]) |
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biological factors
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sexual problems: : premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders. These problems are not due to personality disorders and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs.
SEX hormones: effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections. Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest. |
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biological factors: sexual orientation
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preference for emotional and sexual relationships with either same sex, other sex and either sex
homosexuality: 3-4% of men and 1-2% of woemn differing brain centers genetics parental hormone exposure animal homosexuality |
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psychological factors
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external stimuli: and imagined stimuli along with physiological readiness= sexual motivation
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socio-cultural factors
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cultural expectations: adolescents
societal values: contraception, STD and STI religious values need to belong |
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marijuana does not cause memory lose but
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Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and interferes with immediate recall of information learned only a few minutes before.
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adoptive child are not as affected by alcoholism if there adoptive parents drink, buttt
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Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it.
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The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates
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and opiates
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Nicotine and cocaine stimulate neural activity, speed up body functions, and
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induce a temporary sense of well-being.
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Long-term use of Ecstasy can
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damage serotonin-producing neurons.
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Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the hallucinations evoked by
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LSD
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Social-cultural explanations for drug use often focus on the effect of peer influence. An important psychological contributor to drug use is
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the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless.
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Hunger occurs in response to high blood insulin and
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low blood glucose and high levels of ghrelin.
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