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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Why do people become attracted to other people?
Nearness (propinquity effect)
similarity
attractiveness
Propinquity effect
the more we see and interact with people, the more we like them
Describe MIT apartment building study
closeness of apartments predicted closeness of friendship
folks by the mailboxes and by the stairs had more friends total because they saw more people
functional distance
architectural effect
a person near the vending machine in an office is more likely to interact with people
why does propinquity work?
familiarity: the more familiar, the more you like
mere exposure effect (the more you’re exposed, the more you like it)
mere exposure effect
the more you’re exposed to something, the more you will like it
random-lady-in-class study
example of mere exposure effect
when the student showed up in class, but did not interact in any way
students were later more likely to rate her as more friendly, more of a leader, more attractive, etc.
Opposites attract?
Yes, but only initially
(by being complementary and picking up each other’s slack)
over long term, though, similarity is more predictive of relationship success
Why does similarity promote attraction
similiar opinions, communication style, interests and experiences
lead to group-forming, and groups are self-selecting and cohesive
similarity validates our beliefs
and facilitates smoother interactions
and similar others have qualities we like
(because we like ourselves - fundamental attribution error again)
physical attractiveness
equally important to both genders
conventional wisdom may just fall down when not taking into account that women may not be as vocal about the things they find important
Beauty in the eye of the beholder?
kinda...but there are cross-cultural standards as well
Averageness
the thought that as a face approaches the species ideal, they become more attractive
familiarity (facial)
when a person’s own facial features are included into a composite, they find the end result more attractive
beauty and social standing
attractive people get more attention, higher salaries, etc.
perhaps due to the self-fulfilling prophecy
phone-photo study
people on phone with a person they were told is attractive tend to believe the person is smarter, funnier, kinder, etc.
people listening to the conversation tended to rate the person as likely more attractive
because the subject treated them as such
Relationships
social exchange theory
cost-benefit analysis
what does partner do for me?
what does it cost?
can I do better elsewhere?
equity theory
people like to be balanced
in an imbalance, neither party is likely to be happy if one party is over- or under-compensated for effort
Defining love
passionate love: longing, arousal
companionate love: intimacy, affection, caring
both: this is the best
Sternberg’s Triangular theory of love
Intimacy, passion, commitment
Theory: Romantic Love
Passion + Intimacy
Theory: Compassionate Love
Intimacy + Commitment
Theory: Fatuous Love
Passion + Commitment
Theory: Consummate Love
Ideal
Passion+Intimacy+Commitment
Breaking up: Control
having control makes the situation easiest
try to share the decision-making process
Prosocial behavior:
Evolutionary Theory
Kin selection
reciprocity norm
learning social norms
Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Kin Selection
helping out related genes by helping out relatives
Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Reciprocity Norm
I help now, so you can help later
Prosocial behavior: Evolutionary Theory
Learning Social Norms
there are group benefits to learning the rules
so perhaps it is genetically programmed for us to follow social norms
Altruism
The desire to help someone even if there is no personal gain, or if there is undercompensated risk to the helper
may not exist: doesn’t a selfless act make you feel good?
Prosocial behavior
Social Exchange Theory
Maximizing rewards v. costs
it feels good to help, there may be social rewards
it may be dangerous, it may cost too much time, or have too much risk of embarrassment
Empathy-Altruism hypothesis
empathy may lead to helping
Negative-state relief theory
Abe Lincoln story
selfish act of “altruism”
Motive for helping:
having to meet/share time with person later
Subjects were told to watch a video about someone who needs help
then were told that that person would be attending the S’s class later
and were thus more likely to help
Gender and helping
women are more likely to help in long term, nurturing relationships
men are more likely to help in heroic situations
debate as to whether there is a real difference, or if it’s because of societal norms
Helping and Situation
affected by concerns for safety
pluralistic ignorance
diffusion of responsibility
pluralistic ignorance
when looking to others for information, we assume nothing is wrong if others don’t seem concerned
which is self-perpetuating
5-step model of helping
Notice event
interpret as emergency
assume responsibility
know appropriate response
implement decision
Define aggression
intentional behavior aimed at doing another harm
Types of aggresision
insturmental aggression
hostile aggression
active aggression
passive aggression
instrumental aggression
hurting others as a means to an end
sackign the QB
when the intent is to complete a task that requires aggression
Hostile aggression
when the intent is to cause harm
hockey fights
stems from fear or anger, etc.
Active v. Passive Aggression
Performing an act
v.
withholding a behavior
Aggression and evolution
we show dominance through aggression to demonstrate that we can provide protection for safety, young, and resources
also, jealousy ensures paternity
Aggression and social learning theory
aggression is not innate
we learn through modeling and observing, etc.
and we adopt schemas with reinforce aggressive behavior
Aggression and culture
aggression level varies widely by culture
european history is very violent
while in some non-western societies, aggression is very rare
Per Capita acts of violence are largest in Russia, then Mexico, then the US
Aggression and subculture
in most broad culturres, the acceptability of aggression is pretty universal
but in the American South, insults or threat to property are more readily seen to be a cause for violence
perhaps due to a frontier mentality
where it was important to establish a reputation for toughness and defending one’s honor
Southern Aggression study
thanks!
Media violence
longitudinal exposure seems to show an increase in aggressive behavior
Media violence
one-shot v. long-term
aggressive kids acted aggressively after viewing one-shot violence
even non aggressive kids became aggressive over the long term
Why does media violence increase aggression?
exposure weakens inhibitions
imitation
priming anger - making it an accessible response
desensitization - decreasing the shock value
displaying that the world “is a dangerous place” - thus causing ambiguous situations to be more likely interpreted as worthy of aggression
“aroused victim” study
thanks!
aggressive stimuli
an object associated with aggression may increase likelihood of aggression
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration leads to aggression when there’s unexpected frustration, or frustration deemed unwarranted, or frustration very near the completion of a goal
alcohol and aggression
don’t do it!
alcohol reduces inhibitions
disrupts executive functions
decreases attention to subtleties of situation
Catharsis
don’t do it!
catharsis may make you feel better initially, but does not reduce further aggression
perhaps reduces inhibition to aggressive behavior
due to dissonance reduction tecnhiques that cause you to view your behavior as acceptable
Punishment and aggression
does not work under most circumstances
cannot be modeled after aggressive behavior
and, like in the toy study, may teach the wrong lesson
Good ways to decrease aggression
Distraction
calm statements of anger (perhaps in a journal)
apologizing (for the aggressor)
empathy
Nice doll / bad doll video
children, including black children, viewed the white babydoll as being a better person than the black babydoll
Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral components to prejudice
affective = prejudice (making a pos/neg evaluation)
cognitive = stereotypes
behavioral = discrimination (not always overt)
social categorization
placing others into groups based on past experiences or characteristics
because we’re “cognitive misers”
Out-group homogeneity
“they’re all the same”
logic in prejudice
not much!
prejudice is largely emotional
so fight fire with fire
Dual-process model
automatic processing and controlled processing
so stereotypes that you don’t endorse can still come through in your behavior
Donald study
Ss were primed with black stereotypes
then were asked to read an ambiguous scenario about Donald
and then rated him as hostile more than non-primed Ss
Stereotype Threat
When task was called a Problem Solving test, black and white Ss did equally well
when task was called and Intelligence test, black students did less well
an awareness of a stereotype may lead a person to fulfill it
Blaming the victim
coin-toss test
flirting/rape study
fixing prejudice: contact hypothesis
if both groups are of equal status and share a common goal, prejudice will decrease
fixing prejudice: Robbers Cave
boys were separated into competing groups
then bringing the groups together led to aggression
then when they were tasked with working together on a mutual goal, the in-group favoritism decreased
because of a feeling of interdependence and empathy
Jigsaw Classroom
breaking the class into groups which are tasked with learning small parts of the whole and teaching it to the rest of the class
causing equal status and mutual independence
define stress
the body’s physiological response to threatening events
when demands exceed resources
resilience
return to normal functioning after a stressful situation
Social readjustment scale
stressors assigned points
leading to a stress score
but does not take into account stress subjectivity
direct effects of stress
decrease in immune functioning
cold virus experiment - highest scorers on stress index were more likely to get sick
Stress: Avoidance Coping
denying and ignoring the problem
Stress: Problem-focused Coping
attempting to find and alleviate the actual problem
Stress: Emotion-focused Coping
attempting to reduce the stress response itself
Stress: Proactive coping
making up-front efforts to ward off the onset of a stressful event
perhaps by making sure the stressor does not occur
or by having a plan with which to deal with unexpected stressors
Stress: Perception of Control
internal v. external locus of control
internal is more optimistic (Nursing home health study)
but losing control is worse than never having it
Negative events: Internal v. External Attributions
Thanks!
Negative events: Stable v. Unstable
Stable: Intelligence level
Unstable: Effort level
Negative events: Global v. Specific
Global: it will happen all the time
Specific: it has to do with this one situation
Negative events: Internal/Stable/Global
leads to learned helplessness and other ugliness
Type A v. Type B personalities
Type A: Competitive, Impatient, Control Oriented, at much higher risk for heart disease
Overall health of troupe went up when the Type A baboons died
Social support: Instrumental
when the social network helps to deal with the problem itself, perhaps by providing informational resources
Social support: Emotional
dealing with the stress response
making you laugh, giving you a shoulder to cry on, etc.
Stress buffering hypothesis
social groups help with stress by
helping you to see events as less stressful, or by helping with the stress response
people with higher social support have fewer medical complications, etc.
Framing and stress
thanks!