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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two main areas of Biological Approach
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1) Genetics
2) Biological Systems |
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Hippocrates
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-Greek physician
-looked at thoughts and feelings -first to believe that brain was responsible for our thoughts and behaviors -unable to place and how |
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Galen
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-Four humors mapped onto four temperaments
-How is your body made up, all biologically made -First to develop model for body make-up |
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Humor
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bodily fluid believed to produce a particular behavioral trait (black vile, phlegm)
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Four temperaments
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-personality styles (personality is based on a balance of these 4 traits)
-Natural outcome of your composition -Do not choose or decide |
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Black Bile --> Melancholic
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-Depressed
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Yellow Bile ---> Choleric
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-Irritable
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Blood --> Sanguine
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-Optimistic
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Phlegm --> Phlegmatic
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-Calm
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Phrenology
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personality traits were located in specific parts of the brain
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bump on head =
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abundance of characteristic
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divet on head =
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less room, less characteristic
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EEG
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more modern way of determining regions that related to personality
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Temperament model
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-stable behavioral dispositions that are present at birth, that are shaped at birth
-broad -shaped overtime -HOW person behaves as opposed to which behavior is doing |
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EAS model
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Emotionality, Activity levels, Sociability
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Temperament-Personality Relationship
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-environment and experiences will shape
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Behavioral Genetics
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study of inheritance of behavioral qualities
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Phenotype
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-observable (brown hair, brown eyes)
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Genotype
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-genetic structure
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Behavioral Genetics- Origins/Sources of Personality
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Heredity/Genes, shared familial environment, unshared environment
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Shared familiar environment
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-Similiar parenting styles
-Income -Neighborhood -Nutrition |
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Unshared environment
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-Peers
-Birth order -Daily experiences |
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Adoption Studies
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share more genes with biological than adopted
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Twin studies
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more likely to be similar identical twin than fraternal
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Heritability Definition
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Proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance
-measured using S data or B data -correlate traits -compute formula to determine heritability |
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Heritability Calculation
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(MZr-DZr) x 2
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If all genetic (identical)
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Together: 1.00 (perfect)
Apart: 1.00 |
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If all shared familial environment
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Together: 1.00
Apart: .00 |
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If all unshared environment
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Together: 0.00
Apart: 0.00 |
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Findings:
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Together: .52
Apart: .49 |
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Main Points:
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GENES MATTER!!-so does environment
Extroversion tends to be the one that we clearly inherit |
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Important Issue
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Personality vary as function of variability of genes and environment
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Gene-Environment Interactions
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-Environments facilitate/restrict Genes
-thriving environment allows genes to prosper -poor environment restricts gene effects -inheritability to be low |
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Examples
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-Short boy ---> ridicule --> reserved/introvert
-Sensation seeking ---> drug environment --> criminality |
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Evolutionary Psych
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you act a certain way to pass on your genes (your motivation)
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Altruism
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Any act that benefits another person BUT does not benefit the helper
-Dawinism: unselfishness does not exist because it might harm your chances of passing down your genes |
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Types of Altruism
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1) Kin Altruism: You are related to me --> I will help you
2) Recriprocal Altruism: I help you --> Later, you help me! (Husband) |
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What women and men want?
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Men- Women who can give them lots of offspring
Women- "provender" ( nurturing + financially) |
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Women have..
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a lot to lose by choosing wrong person
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Frontal Lobe is...
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related to personality
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Ways of Studying the brain
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1) Brain Damage Studies
2) Brain Stimulation 3) Brain Imaging |
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Brain Stimulation is...
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Rare
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When stimulated deep down in center of brain
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instantly saw depressed symptoms
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Brain Imaging
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EEG, PET scans, fMRI, etc.
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Three Factor Model
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1) Positive Temperament (Extraversion)
2) Negative Temperament (Neuroticism) 3) Disinhibition vs. Constraint - Tendency to beha |
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Eysenck linked...
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extroversion and neuroticism to brain functioning
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Extraversion
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and the ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System)
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ARAS
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-Brain stem
-Activate/Deactivate cerebral cortex by --> -Regulate amount of sensory info |
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Brain stem
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-automatic functions; breathing + swallowing
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Main function of ARAS
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letting or not letting a lot of stimulation in
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Introverts
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-aroused easily- more active ARAS
-seek to avoid excitement (too much stimulation) -get more info than they need |
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Extroverts
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-less information gets in
-sensation seekers -want to find the social seen |
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Neuroticism and
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the Limbic System
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Limbic System
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-Amygdala, hypothalamus
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Amygdala
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emotional labeling of events focused on
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Neurotics
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Amygdala's respond more to negative stimuli
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Personality-Brain relationship
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-Consistency of Trait: Extroversion is VERY consistent and high in heritability
-Cross Cultural Support- Extroversion, Neuroticism, Constraint all found in other cultures. -Genetics: Very high in heritability |
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Gray
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BAS + BIS
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hypothalamus
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activated by dopamine or serotonin, map onto personality traits
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Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
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-"Go system": reward seeking
-Activate BAS = energetic and impulsive -Activated by dopamine -Brain structure causing movement toward incentive |
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Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
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-Brain structure causing avoidance of punishments
- "stop system" - Activate BIS= inhibition and anxious - Activated by serotonin |
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Davidson
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Lateralization of Prefrontal Cortex
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Left Prefrontal Cortex
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-Positive emotion
-Approach motivation |
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Right Prefrontal Cortex
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-Negative emotion
-Withdrawal motivation |
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EEG Activity
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-Right brain more activated during negative situations
-Left brain more activated during positive situations |
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Left
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positive
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Right
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negative
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Dopamine
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-Active BAS
-"Reward deficiency syndrome" (low)- You don't have enough dopamine, don't feel good. Addicted to thing s that make you feel good (alcohol, drugs <-- extremes) q |
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Serotonin
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-Inhibits behavioral impulses (BIS)
-Inhibits emotional impulses: Stops us being quick to anger -Hypersensitive ,irrational anger |
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Mirror Neurons
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Neurons that fire when you watch someone else's reactions
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Strengths of ALL Biology
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-Biological Creatures: cannot ignore our biology
-Era of Biology -Tie to other areas: connects to other types of psych -Research based: generates lots of empirical support -Parameters for Development and change |
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Weaknesses of ALL Biology
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-Biology is not destiny
-Not 1 to 1 correspondence: effects lots of features at once -Atheoretical- can generate hypothesis but can't give direction -Change?- Doesn't focus on change, but why? |
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Main Themes of Psychoanalytic Approach
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-Psychic Determinism
-Dynamic Process -Conflict |
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Psychic Determinism
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-idea that everything can be explained
-reason for our behavior |
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Dynamic Process
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Personality based on 3 parts of the mind and their conflicts
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Conflict
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-Devil vs. angel
-Compromise determines behavior |
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Assumptions
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-Awareness
-Early Experiences -Defense -Balance |
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Sigmund Freud Mom and Dad
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-Close to mother
-Strained relationship with father |
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Joseph Breuer
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-"grandfather" of psychoanalysis
-mentor |
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Anna O. Case
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-Hysteria
-Basis of psychoanalytic theory -hysteria was caused by trauma |
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Framework of Psychoanalysis
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-Conscious memories became unconscious
-Unconscious memories can be basis for neurotic symptoms -Consciously expressing these can treat symptoms |
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Believed women...
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were abused
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Psychic Energy System
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Our minds requires energy, what makes us go, unfalsifiable
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Energy Systems
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Limited; no endless supply of energy, invest appropriately, drives our action, allows us to act, motivations
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Drives
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Motivating forces driving us toward what we want/need
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Two classes of Drives:
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1) Libido: "Life" drive
2) Thanatos: Greek for death |
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Cathexis
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Investing energy in an activity
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Catharsis
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Release of built-up energy
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General Information and Relation to the Psychic Energy System
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-Focal Point for Energy: Define the stage
-Fixation -Regression |
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Fixation
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You leave a little bit of energy in an earlier stage
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Regression
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You will regress into the stage you're stuck in
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The topographic model
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-Conscious
-Preconscious -Unconscious |
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What drives our behavior?
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Unconscious
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The preconscious is allotted approximately
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10-15%
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The unconscious is allotted
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75-80%
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Parapraxes
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are uncontrolled slips of the unconscious motivations
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Humor
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a forbidden impulse is expressed in a controlled manner
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Manifest content
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What we see and remember
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Latent
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What is really being said
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Function of dreams
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disguised, keeps them safe
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Dream Process
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-Symbolization
-Condensation -Mechanism of Opposites |
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Hypnosis
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Direct route to unconscious
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Free association
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Say what comes to mind; relax + talk
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Transference
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The tendency to bring ways of thinking, feelings, and behaving with another person into a new relationship
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Projective Tests
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Rorsach ink blot test
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Id
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-only part of personality present at birth, operates in the unconscious
-Oral stage -Pleasure Principle -Primary process thinking |
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Ego
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-starts to control ego
-reality -anal stage -has access to all 3 levels -Secondary process thinking |
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Superego
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-Angels, Morals
-Phallic Stage -Morality Principle -Guilt -Introjection |
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Anxiety
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Aversive inner state that people seek to avoid or escape
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Function of Anxiety
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Warning signal
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Types of Anxiety
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-Objective
-Neurotic -Moral |
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Objective
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-Freud didn't study it
-Response to real external threat -Freud said NO: should not distort objective anxiety, avoiding it means revealing underlying problem |
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Neurotic
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-Real World consequences
-Id/Ego conflict: Ego worries -fear of expressing unacceptable impulse |
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Moral
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-You would be a bad person, God will hate you
-Ego/Superego conflict -fear of violating moral code |
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Defense Mechanisms
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Tools used by ego to keep anxiety within tolerable ranges
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Pathway
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Intrapsychic ---> Anxiety ---> Reliance on defense mechanisms
(between id, superego, and ego) |
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Characteristics
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-distortions of reality
-Operate unconsciously -visualize in conscious way -stops us from being anxious |
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Denial
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-temporary
-not accepting the reality of unpleasant facts or feelings -"It didn't happen", "I am not attracted to him" |
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Repression
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-long-lasting effect, extreme
-Not permitting unpleasant or threatening ideas, memory, id impulse, etc. to be perceived consciously -Block it away |
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Reaction Formation
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-OVERexagerated, OVERsell,
-Doing or thinking the opposite of the anxiety-provoking impulse |
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Projection
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-See you impulse in someone else
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Rationalization
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-Widely uses
-Generating acceptable reasons for behavior |
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Intellectualization
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-turning feelings into thoughts
-develop technological vocabulary |
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Displacement
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-Replace the object of the emotion to another target
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Sublimation
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-most positive way to deal with anxiety
-process of transforming unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors |
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Adults
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can use all mechanisms, have a choice of all of them
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Preschool
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Denial (only know how to deny that something happened)
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Middle School
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Projection is favorite <---bullying?
Realize denial doesn't make the problem go away |
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Adaptive or Maladaptive?
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-Overall truly Adaptive
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Strengths of Psychoanalytic Approach
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-First comprehensive Personality Theory
-Organized many loosely related ideas -Address Issues Other Theories do not -Dreams, Sexual attraction -Major Contributions -Psychotherapy- "talking cure" -Defense mechanisms -Role of unconscious -Role of childhood |
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Weaknesses
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-Controversial
-Non-parsimonious -Unfalsifiable -Overstated claims -Poor definitions -Sexist/Biased toward heterosexuality -Unconcerned with some important human experiences |
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Neoanalytic Approach
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-More fruitful approach
-Trash and refute Freud -Modernized -Continued development -Adjustments |
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Fundamental Changes from Freudian Theory
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-Importance of Sexuality
-Interpersonal Relationships -Conscious |
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Weaknesses
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-Falsifiability
-Unfalsifiable -Incomplete |
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Strengths
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-Lessened hostility around Freud
-Made theory more logical/coherent -Led to Modern Empirical Support |
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Alfred Adler
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-Disagreements of focus on sex (with Freud)
-Social Interest- Believed in social interest as motivator |
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Social Interest
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innate desire to relate productively and positively with others: what drives our actions
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Organ Inferiority
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-Struggles you have to be better than someone, led to this
-Compensate for our weaknesses -Each one of us probably has a different organ inferiority |
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Striving for Superiority
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Single motivating factor
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First borns
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-Dethroned, Independent, "problem children"
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Second born
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-Never pampered
-looking to close gap -Highest achiever |
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Last Born
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-"get away with murder"
-dependent |
