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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is unique about Humanistic Psychology?
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It is the scientific study of the mind
which is fundamentally different from the study of other objects beacuse the mind is aware |
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why is the scientific study of the mind different from the study of other subjects?
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because the mind is aware
(and creates its own reality) |
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what is the overarching goal of humanistic psychology?
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to understand the aspects of the mind that are uniquely human
and the unique perceptions and conceptions that help give life meaning |
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define phenomenology
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One’s conscious, current experience of the world
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what does phenomenology say about subjectivity v. objectivity?
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one’s conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the objective world itself
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what does phenomenology say about the present experience?
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only the present experience matters
here, and now, you can choose what to think and how to behave the past and future are really only ideas this is the basis of free will |
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define construal
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your particular, and personal, experience of the world
by choosing your construal, you are able to achieve free will you lose autonomy by allowing others to choose your experience |
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Who was George Kelley?
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Personal Construct Theory
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What is personal construct theory?
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our individual construals of the world (aka personal constructs) help determine how new experiences are construed/interpreted
in other words, the sum of your experiences are the data from which you form your theory of the world and your psychological processes are channeled by the way you anticipate events |
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what is a personal construct system?
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your theory of the world
determined by your summed experiences constructs are bipolar dimensions (explain) |
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bipolar dimensions
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personal constructs are bipolar dimensions along which people, objects, and events can be arranged
young/old, etc. |
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if a person says her daughter’s wedding makes her feel old, what do we see here?
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she is viewing the events of her world through the personal construct of “old age,” which is guiding her new experiences with the world
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how is personal construct theory applied clinically?
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you can choose to reconstruct your reality differently
the patient is shown that she can choose how to experience the world if your current constructs make you anxious or depressed, you can choose to ascribe to a different construct |
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major players in existentialism
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Kierkegaard, Nietzche, Sartre
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Sartre’s 2 core ideas
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people are free to choose, and therefore are responsible for their actions
existence precedes essence |
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Sartre and free will
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we have it
because we are capable of thinking of alternative possibilities and we are therefore responsible for our own actions |
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“existence precedes essence”
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Sartre
painting stripes on a horse doesn’t make it a zebra but it does for people because people first experience the world, and then make something of themselves no one is born a doctor ”man is nothing but what he makes of himself” |
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the key existential questions
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why am i here?
what is my purpose? the answer is that there is no answer beyond what you make for yourself |
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relate existence to a musical composition, existentialist style
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the last note is not the “point” of the composition
each note actually matters |
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define angst
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a failure to answer the key existential questions leads to anxiety about the meaning of life
(angst, n., existential anxiety) a combination of three sensations - anguish, forlornness, despair |
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what comprises angst?
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anguish (choices are never perfect)
forlornness (you are alone with your choices) despair (many outcomes are beyond your control) |
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what is meant by angst?
define anguish, forlornness, despair |
anguish (choices are never perfect)
forlornness (you are alone with your choices) despair (many outcomes are beyond your control) |
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two ways of coping with angst
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live in bad faith (boo)
live an authentic existence (yay) |
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living in bad faith
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poor way of coping with angst
avoid anxiety by leading an unexamined life |
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problems with living in bad faith
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it’s immoral - an unexamined life is not worth living
you still won’t be happy - reaching your “goal” won’t improve your happiness it’s impossible - you’re still choosing not to chose |
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living an authentic existence
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good way of coping with angst
courageously confronting the fact that life has no meaning beyond what you give it and any apparent meaning is an illusion which reveals the truth that every person is alone and doomed (yay?) |
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the existential challenge
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do all you can to better the human condition
despite life’s uncertainties |
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doesn’t existentialism suck?
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no - existential analysis allows you to gain awareness of your freedom, and your power to try to better the human condition
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Viktor Frankl
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good example of choosing to find meaning and happiness
work destroyed by Nazis but they couldn’t take away his happiness, joy, or optimism |
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summary of existentialism
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concerned with understanding human existence
by addressing the experiences of the individual emphasizes the capacity for free choice devotes attention to angst, the feeling of existential anxiety |
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Rogers and Maslow’s basic existential assumptions
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phenomenology is central
people have free will people are basically good (they seek to relate to others and improve themselves and the world) |
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The history of Carl Rogers
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strict religious upbringing
seminary school went on to study psych tried to integrate freud and rigorous scientific method |
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phenomenal field
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Carl Rogers
the space of perceptions that make up our experience is subjective reflects your inner beliefs, motivations inner psych needs shape our subjective experience |
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explain “inner psych needs shape our subjective experience”
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Rogers
child sees an angry look from mom but maybe mom wasn’t angry (or even paying attention) but the child’s desire to please mom leads to her seeing the look as angry (or even relevant) |
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the 2 key aspects of Rogers’s theory of personality
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Need for authenticity
positivity of human motivation |
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“need for authenticity”
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Rogers
people are prone to the distress associated with feeling as though they act in a way that does not reflect “who they really are” |
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“postivity of human motivation”
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Rogers
when we’re free to act, we will move in a positive direction |
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Rogers:
structure of personality |
the Self
and its subsets -- the actual self and ideal self |
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Rogers’s Self
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our conscious experience is filled by “self”
the things we experience matter to the exact extent to which we apply meaning to them the phenominal field |
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Actual Self
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Rogers
our organized pattern of perception about ourselves |
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Ideal Self
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Rogers
our pattern of perception about that which we wish to achieve |
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Rogers
process of personality |
self-actualization
self-consistency positive regard |
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Self-Actualization
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Rogers
our most fundamental process our forward looking tendency toward personal growth compares to an organism’s tendency to grow from a simple to complex form |
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Self-Consistency
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Rogers
we need to feel authentic so you will behave in ways that are consistent with your self-concept, even if the behavior is unrewarding |
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Congruence
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Rogers
importance of how you feel you’ve behaved and how you view yoruself as a person incongruence = anxiety |
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Positive regard
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Rogers
people have a psychological need to achieve positive regard to be accepted and respected by others which may lead to disregarding or distorting your own feelings |
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Learning about positive regard
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Rogers
parents provide constant information about what will be regarded positively and set up unconditional positive regard or conditions of worth |
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unconditional positive regard
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Rogers
allows a child (and thus an adult) to move toward actualization because the child knows that parents will respect/praise no matter what |
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conditions of worth
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Rogers
as opposed to unconditional positive regard parent shows greater respect/praise for some behaviors and not others child then feels worthy only if she has some thoughts/behavs and not others sets up trouble with self-actualization |
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unconditional positive regard
v. conditions of worth |
if conditions are given, the child learns to balance her tendencies with the need for positive regard
and thus will tend to distort or deny experiences which threaten the self-system |
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The clinical application of humanistic psychology
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Client-Centered Therapy
note the change from “patient” |
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3 conditions for Client-Centered Therapy
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Genuineness
unconditional positive regard empathic understanding |
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CCT
Genuineness |
to build a rapport, the therapist must be real, open and transparent
thus the client can be congruent as well |
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CCT
Unconditional Positive Regard |
the therapist should communicate a genuine caring
showing the client that she is prized in total so the client can comfortably and confidently explore herself |
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CCT
Empathic Understanding |
the therapist should put herself in her client’s shoes
so that she may hope to understand the meaning and subjective feelings of the events experienced by the client |
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CCT
what is the therapist’s job? |
help the client perceive her own feelings
without the therapist trying to change them make the client feel appreciated which will foster insight, remove conditions of worth allow movement toward self-actualization |
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goal of CCT?
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Allow insight
remove conditions of worth allow movement toward self-actualization |
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Maslow
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Hierarchy of Needs
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What is the Hierarchy of Needs?
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physiological needs
safety needs love and belonging self esteem - recognition, dignity self esteem - confidence and freedom |
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how does the Hierarchy of needs work?
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once lower, base needs are fulfilled,
higher needs can and do become important because of the innate drive toward the peak of the pyramid |
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Crit Eval of CCT
Scientific? |
yes - Rogers understood that scientific observations must be objective
and used objective measures to assess personality (pioneered use of transcripts and recordings so others could verify his findings) but relied exclusively on explicit measures (leading to attention bias) |
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Crit Eval of CCT
Systematic? |
(is it internally coherent?)
the elements are well integrated and build on each other check slide for counterpoint |
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Crit Eval of CCT
Testable? |
Yes - rogers developed tests to measure quality of actual self, ideal self, and self concept
but no - how do you test for self-actualization, which is of course the whole point... |
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Crit Eval of CCT
Comprehensive? |
does not address evolutionary or biological issues
(no accounting for brain chemistry, etc) effort to treat people as strictly social beings misses some nature (v. nurture) |
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Crit Eval of CCT
Applicable? |
absolutely!
proundly important because: stresses importance of relationships established methods for determining whehter the theraputic approach was working treated clients as persons rather than patients |
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Why is CCT so important to the whole field of psychotherapy?
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stresses importance of relationships
established methods for determining whehter the theraputic approach was working treated clients as persons rather than patients |
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Define Learning
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A change in behavior as a function of experience
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Three roots of behaviorism
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empiricism
associationism hedonism |
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define empiricism
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a root of behaviorism
all knowledge comes from evidence gathered via experience the contents of the mind are created by how the world presents to us |
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Tabula Rasa
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John Locke’s concept
the mind is a blank slate, ready to be written upon by experience as you accumulate experiences, you develop a “characteristic pattern of reacting to the world” |
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define associationism
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a root of behaviorism
things that occur close together in time become mentally associated thus, classical conditioning |
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define hedonism
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a root of behaviorism
people learn for two reasons seek pleasure, avoid pain (just like the id) the basis for operant conditioning |
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three kinds of learning
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habituation
classical conditioning operant conditioning |
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define habituation
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diminished response to stimulus after repeated exposure
simplest way that behavior changes as a result of experience |
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describe classical conditioning
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initially neutral stimuls elicits strong response
pavlov events become associated because the meaning of one event has changed the meaning of another |
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describe pavlov’s study
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food, an unconditioned stimulus
results in salivation, unconditioned response food and bell (neutral stimulus) together result in salivation then, bell (conditioned stimulus) elicits salivation (conditioned response) |
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pavlov said...
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one stimulus becomes the warning for the other
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John Watson
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little albert experiment
believed personality consists of learned stimulus-response pairing thus conditioned emotional response (and phobias) |
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define conditioned emotional response
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little albert
john watson phobias? |
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Systematic Desensitization
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theraputic technique used to deal with fear/phobia
hierarchy of fear ie. cartoon snake to touching a snake learn new response that is incompatible with the existing response aka counterconditioning |
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counterconditioning
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learning a new response that is incompatible with the existing response
via systematic desensitization |
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Operant Conditioning
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controlling behavior through manipulation of reward and punishment
skinner! |
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Describe the Skinner Box
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thanks!
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Skinner and eye blinks and babbling
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skinner distinguished between responses elicited by known stimuli and responses that are not associated with any stimuli
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Define Operant
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response from an organism without an environmental eliciting stimulus
thus the initial cause of the behavior is internal |
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Define Reinforcer
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somethign that follows a response and increases the probability of that response occurring again in the future
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Positive v. negative reinforcment
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adding something to increase response
removing something to increase response (think agoraphobics) does not mean punishment |
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reinforcement schedules
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time-based and response-based
fixed and variable the best is response-based variable (like gambling) |
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time-based reinforcement schedule
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regardless of behavior
each X time, reinforcement is given |
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response-based reinforcement schedule
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when behavior is elicited, reinforcement is given
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fixed-schedule reinforcement
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every time the response occurs (or every fifth, or whatever), reinforcement is given
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variable-schedule reinforcement
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reinforcement is occasionally given
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what’s the best reinforcement schedule?
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response-based variable
”maybe this time I’ll get a reward. No? Okay, maybe _this_ time.” |
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define shaping
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genesis of complex behavior
through rewarding successive approximations reward when the bird faces left, then again if it goes further... same with dog tricks |
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successive approximations
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unit of shaping
way of creating complex behavior reward when the bird faces left, then again if it goes further... same with dog tricks |
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punishment
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aversive stimulus to decrease behavior
reinforcer, on par with pos and neg but works only temporarily compared to pos and neg |
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what defines skinner’s approach to development?
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no stages
no conflicts that everyone experiences no new mental structures instead, the set of behaviors a person performs increases gradually as she encounters more reinforcements |
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what does behaviorism say about psychopathology?
describe the 4 ways it pans out... |
people are not “sick”
they’re just not responding appropriately to stimuli by failing to learn the right response or learning a maladaptive response or not being reinforced for adaptive behaviors or you’ve been punished in the past for behaviors that would be adaptive now |
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crit eval of behaviorism
Scientific? |
Yes - strong commitment to basing theory on systmeatic research
but it was primarily animal research - mightn’t humans be different? |
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crit eval of behaviorism
Systematic? |
clean, concise system
single conceptual system explains all the different phenomena no ids or any of that |
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crit eval of behaviorism
testable? |
Yes, in a lab
but no, when trying to predict behav in real life how do you determin waht a person might respond to before the fact? |
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crit eval of behaviorism
Comprehensive? |
yes - skinner applied it to many areas
government law religion relationships etc |
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crit eval of behaviorism
Applicable? |
yes - behavior therapy is huge
and behavioral assessment is useful and common for developing treatment objectives and used with children and disciplinary situations |
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Social Learning’s Problems with Behaviorism
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Based largely on animals - generalizable?
ignores too much - cognition? views people as passive - but people self-determine ignores social dimension |
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Major players in Social Learning
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Rotter
Bandura Mischel |
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Major Players in Behaviorism
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Pavlov
Skinner Watson |
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Major Players in Existentialist Psych
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Rogers
Maslow |
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Rotter
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Decision-making
Expectancy Value Theory Locus of Control |
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Rotter’s Decision-making
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Expectancies
will jane pick the 35k job over the 20k job? expected value |
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Expected Value
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Rotter’s Decision-Making
decisions are made based not just on size of reinforcment but on belief about the likely results of the behavior |
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Expectancy Value Theory
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Rotter
Decisions are made based not only on size of reinforcement but on belief about the likely results of your behavior specific expectancy global expectancy |
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Two types of expectancy
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Rotter
Specific particular to an event global ”i can make a difference somehow” |
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Locus of Control
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Rotter
Internal and External describe! |
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Internal v. External Locus of Control
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Rotter
Internal - high general expectancy ”I have control” External - I don’t have control, so why bother? internals tend to perform better in life, but anxiety can result from situations that are truly out of your control |
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Bandura and Mischel’s 4 cognitive processes
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competencies / skills
expectancies / beliefs goals evaluative standards |
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B and M’s Competencies and Skills
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differences in people reflect variations in peoples’ skills in some actions
so lacking social skills may cause introversion, etc |
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B and M and Context
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subset of “competencies and skills”
different contexts present different challenges so study skills don’t help dating skills |
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B and M’s Expectancies and Beliefs
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Beliefs -- Thoughts about how the world is now
Expectancies -- the future expectations of the future determine our actions and emotions now |
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What kinds of expectancies are B and M talking about?
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likely behavior of others
rewards or punishments our own ability to handle stress |
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Why are expectancies important?
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expectancies of the future determine our actions and emotions now
because we’re trying for a positive outcome |
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B and M say the essence of personality comes from...
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the different ways you perceive sitchs
your development of expectations about the future thus different behav patterns so behav is explained in terms of peoples’ expectations about rewards and punishments |
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Self-Efficacy
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your perceptions about your own capabilities for future events
you may not even try for immediate things if you’re unsure about the possible outcome and the belief that you can do well will lead you to try hard |
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High v. Low Self-Efficacy
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High SE
more likely to attempt difficult tasks be calm organize analytically Low SE give up easiliy may not attempt valuable activities |
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SLT and Goals
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your goals motivated and direct your behavior
your ability to envision the future enables you to set specific goals for action related to, but not the same as, expectancies |
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The complex relationship between goals and expectancies
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expectancies about performance influence goal-setting
and goals influence expectancies based on feedback if it’s not going the same way you’d originally expected, you may change your goal, which then changes your expectancy |
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Evaluative Standards
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SLT
mental criteria for evaluating the worth of events personal standards - is my paper good enough? self-evaluative reactions - we evaluate our actions and respond did we meet our standard? |
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personal standards
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SLT
we evaluate our own behavior with our internal standards is my paper good enough? yes - done! no - rewrite! |
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self-evaluative reactions
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SLT
we evaluate our actions and then respond to them meet standard? yes - satisfaction, pride no - dissatisfaction, guilt |
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what are SLT’s primary reinforcers?
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personal standards
self-evaluative reactions |
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two main principals of SLT?
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Reciprocal Determinism
CAPS |
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reciprocal determinism?
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personality, behavior, environment
a system which feeds back on itself so people select situations as well as being shaped by them define active agent |
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Active Agent
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as opposed to being a pigeon in a skinner box
based on your self-efficacy, you may choose a more or less challenging situation to be in thus you’re self-selecting your environment -reciprocal determinism- |
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CAPS
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Cognitive Affective Processing System
system view of structure of SLT leads to Behavioral Signatures |
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Features of CAPS
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cog and emo personality variables are complexly linked
different aspects of social sitchs activated subsets of the overall system different sitchs thus cause different behavs (if-thens, and behav sigs) |
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CAPS - Complex link?
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complex link exists between cognitive and emotional personality variables
first, thoughts about goals then thoughts about skills then thoughts about self-efficacy which affects your self-evaluations and emotions |
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CAPS - Differing situations and system subsets?
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different aspects of social situations activated different subsets of the overall system
so dating activates the dating subset (also, talking to someone about dating activates your own subset to predict your thoughts and emotions on the matter) |
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CAPS - variations in behavior?
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different sitchs activate different subsets of the system
so different behaviors are produced if-then profiles = behavioral signatures |
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Behavioral signatures
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SLT - CAPS
if-then profiles (remember the graphs) |
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Observational Learning
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Modeling
Bandura’s Bobo Doll media? |
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observational learning v. imitation
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you learn general rules of behavior that dictate your patterns, not just specific actions
innovation in beating the bobo doll in bandura’s experiment |
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Rational Emotive Therapy
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Albert Ellis
people respond to beliefs re: events rather than reality beliefs that cause psych distress are irrational (snakes aren’t inherently fear-inducing...) |
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Albert Ellis
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Rational Emotive Therapy
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Rational Emotive Therapy in practice
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make people aware of the irrationality so they can replace their thoughts with rational ones
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Cognitive Therapy
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Aaron Beck
premise - depressed person systematically misevaluates ongoing and past experiences leads to negative views of the self, world, future (cognitive triad) |
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Cognitive Triad
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views of the self, the world, the future
is a positive feedback loop the target of cog therapy |
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Cognitive therapy in practice
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identify and show how irrational beliefs about the cog triad are untrue
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Aaron Beck
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Cognitive Therapy
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bipolar dimensions
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crit eval of SLT:
Scientific? |
Yes
loads of data from accumulation of objective evidence and a variety of studies |
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crit eval of SLT:
Systematic? |
so-so
the ideas don’t always link up well |
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crit eval of SLT:
Testable? |
Yes
well-defined constructs and ideas proven measurement tools allow others to verify |
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crit eval of SLT:
Comprehensive? |
Above average
addresses motivation and development and social cues but leaves out biology and heredity |
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crit eval of SLT:
Applicable? |
Absolutely!
is the most predominant form of therapy in use today proven to be effective |