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153 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is unique about Humanistic Psychology?
It is the scientific study of the mind
which is fundamentally different from the study of other objects
beacuse the mind is aware
why is the scientific study of the mind different from the study of other subjects?
because the mind is aware
(and creates its own reality)
what is the overarching goal of humanistic psychology?
to understand the aspects of the mind that are uniquely human
and the unique perceptions and conceptions that help give life meaning
define phenomenology
One’s conscious, current experience of the world
what does phenomenology say about subjectivity v. objectivity?
one’s conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the objective world itself
what does phenomenology say about the present experience?
only the present experience matters
here, and now, you can choose what to think and how to behave
the past and future are really only ideas
this is the basis of free will
define construal
your particular, and personal, experience of the world
by choosing your construal, you are able to achieve free will
you lose autonomy by allowing others to choose your experience
Who was George Kelley?
Personal Construct Theory
What is personal construct theory?
our individual construals of the world (aka personal constructs) help determine how new experiences are construed/interpreted
in other words, the sum of your experiences are the data from which you form your theory of the world
and your psychological processes are channeled by the way you anticipate events
what is a personal construct system?
your theory of the world
determined by your summed experiences
constructs are bipolar dimensions (explain)
bipolar dimensions
personal constructs are bipolar dimensions along which people, objects, and events can be arranged
young/old, etc.
if a person says her daughter’s wedding makes her feel old, what do we see here?
she is viewing the events of her world through the personal construct of “old age,” which is guiding her new experiences with the world
how is personal construct theory applied clinically?
you can choose to reconstruct your reality differently
the patient is shown that she can choose how to experience the world
if your current constructs make you anxious or depressed, you can choose to ascribe to a different construct
major players in existentialism
Kierkegaard, Nietzche, Sartre
Sartre’s 2 core ideas
people are free to choose, and therefore are responsible for their actions
existence precedes essence
Sartre and free will
we have it
because we are capable of thinking of alternative possibilities
and we are therefore responsible for our own actions
“existence precedes essence”
Sartre
painting stripes on a horse doesn’t make it a zebra but
it does for people because
people first experience the world, and then make something of themselves
no one is born a doctor
”man is nothing but what he makes of himself”
the key existential questions
why am i here?
what is my purpose?
the answer is that there is no answer beyond what you make for yourself
relate existence to a musical composition, existentialist style
the last note is not the “point” of the composition
each note actually matters
define angst
a failure to answer the key existential questions leads to anxiety about the meaning of life
(angst, n., existential anxiety)
a combination of three sensations - anguish, forlornness, despair
what comprises angst?
anguish (choices are never perfect)
forlornness (you are alone with your choices)
despair (many outcomes are beyond your control)
what is meant by angst?
define anguish, forlornness, despair
anguish (choices are never perfect)
forlornness (you are alone with your choices)
despair (many outcomes are beyond your control)
two ways of coping with angst
live in bad faith (boo)
live an authentic existence (yay)
living in bad faith
poor way of coping with angst
avoid anxiety by leading an unexamined life
problems with living in bad faith
it’s immoral - an unexamined life is not worth living
you still won’t be happy - reaching your “goal” won’t improve your happiness
it’s impossible - you’re still choosing not to chose
living an authentic existence
good way of coping with angst
courageously confronting the fact that life has no meaning beyond what you give it
and any apparent meaning is an illusion
which reveals the truth that every person is alone and doomed (yay?)
the existential challenge
do all you can to better the human condition
despite life’s uncertainties
doesn’t existentialism suck?
no - existential analysis allows you to gain awareness of your freedom, and your power to try to better the human condition
Viktor Frankl
good example of choosing to find meaning and happiness
work destroyed by Nazis
but they couldn’t take away his happiness, joy, or optimism
summary of existentialism
concerned with understanding human existence
by addressing the experiences of the individual
emphasizes the capacity for free choice
devotes attention to angst, the feeling of existential anxiety
Rogers and Maslow’s basic existential assumptions
phenomenology is central
people have free will
people are basically good (they seek to relate to others and improve themselves and the world)
The history of Carl Rogers
strict religious upbringing
seminary school
went on to study psych
tried to integrate freud and rigorous scientific method
phenomenal field
Carl Rogers
the space of perceptions that make up our experience
is subjective
reflects your inner beliefs, motivations
inner psych needs shape our subjective experience
explain “inner psych needs shape our subjective experience”
Rogers
child sees an angry look from mom
but maybe mom wasn’t angry (or even paying attention)
but the child’s desire to please mom leads to her seeing the look as angry (or even relevant)
the 2 key aspects of Rogers’s theory of personality
Need for authenticity
positivity of human motivation
“need for authenticity”
Rogers
people are prone to the distress associated with feeling as though they act in a way that does not reflect “who they really are”
“postivity of human motivation”
Rogers
when we’re free to act, we will move in a positive direction
Rogers:
structure of personality
the Self
and its subsets -- the actual self and ideal self
Rogers’s Self
our conscious experience is filled by “self”
the things we experience matter to the exact extent to which we apply meaning to them
the phenominal field
Actual Self
Rogers
our organized pattern of perception about ourselves
Ideal Self
Rogers
our pattern of perception about that which we wish to achieve
Rogers
process of personality
self-actualization
self-consistency
positive regard
Self-Actualization
Rogers
our most fundamental process
our forward looking tendency toward personal growth
compares to an organism’s tendency to grow from a simple to complex form
Self-Consistency
Rogers
we need to feel authentic
so you will behave in ways that are consistent with your self-concept, even if the behavior is unrewarding
Congruence
Rogers
importance of how you feel you’ve behaved and how you view yoruself as a person
incongruence = anxiety
Positive regard
Rogers
people have a psychological need to achieve positive regard
to be accepted and respected by others
which may lead to disregarding or distorting your own feelings
Learning about positive regard
Rogers
parents provide constant information about what will be regarded positively
and set up unconditional positive regard or conditions of worth
unconditional positive regard
Rogers
allows a child (and thus an adult) to move toward actualization
because the child knows that parents will respect/praise no matter what
conditions of worth
Rogers
as opposed to unconditional positive regard
parent shows greater respect/praise for some behaviors and not others
child then feels worthy only if she has some thoughts/behavs and not others
sets up trouble with self-actualization
unconditional positive regard
v. conditions of worth
if conditions are given, the child learns to balance her tendencies with the need for positive regard
and thus will tend to distort or deny experiences which threaten the self-system
The clinical application of humanistic psychology
Client-Centered Therapy
note the change from “patient”
3 conditions for Client-Centered Therapy
Genuineness
unconditional positive regard
empathic understanding
CCT
Genuineness
to build a rapport, the therapist must be real, open and transparent
thus the client can be congruent as well
CCT
Unconditional Positive Regard
the therapist should communicate a genuine caring
showing the client that she is prized in total
so the client can comfortably and confidently explore herself
CCT
Empathic Understanding
the therapist should put herself in her client’s shoes
so that she may hope to understand the meaning and subjective feelings of the events experienced by the client
CCT
what is the therapist’s job?
help the client perceive her own feelings
without the therapist trying to change them
make the client feel appreciated
which will foster insight, remove conditions of worth
allow movement toward self-actualization
goal of CCT?
Allow insight
remove conditions of worth
allow movement toward self-actualization
Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs
What is the Hierarchy of Needs?
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
self esteem - recognition, dignity
self esteem - confidence and freedom
how does the Hierarchy of needs work?
once lower, base needs are fulfilled,
higher needs can and do become important
because of the innate drive toward the peak of the pyramid
Crit Eval of CCT
Scientific?
yes - Rogers understood that scientific observations must be objective
and used objective measures to assess personality
(pioneered use of transcripts and recordings so others could verify his findings)
but relied exclusively on explicit measures (leading to attention bias)
Crit Eval of CCT
Systematic?
(is it internally coherent?)
the elements are well integrated and build on each other
check slide for counterpoint
Crit Eval of CCT
Testable?
Yes - rogers developed tests to measure quality of actual self, ideal self, and self concept
but no - how do you test for self-actualization, which is of course the whole point...
Crit Eval of CCT
Comprehensive?
does not address evolutionary or biological issues
(no accounting for brain chemistry, etc)
effort to treat people as strictly social beings misses some nature (v. nurture)
Crit Eval of CCT
Applicable?
absolutely!
proundly important because:
stresses importance of relationships
established methods for determining whehter the theraputic approach was working
treated clients as persons rather than patients
Why is CCT so important to the whole field of psychotherapy?
stresses importance of relationships
established methods for determining whehter the theraputic approach was working
treated clients as persons rather than patients
Define Learning
A change in behavior as a function of experience
Three roots of behaviorism
empiricism
associationism
hedonism
define empiricism
a root of behaviorism
all knowledge comes from evidence gathered via experience
the contents of the mind are created by how the world presents to us
Tabula Rasa
John Locke’s concept
the mind is a blank slate, ready to be written upon by experience
as you accumulate experiences, you develop a “characteristic pattern of reacting to the world”
define associationism
a root of behaviorism
things that occur close together in time become mentally associated
thus, classical conditioning
define hedonism
a root of behaviorism
people learn for two reasons
seek pleasure, avoid pain
(just like the id)
the basis for operant conditioning
three kinds of learning
habituation
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
define habituation
diminished response to stimulus after repeated exposure
simplest way that behavior changes as a result of experience
describe classical conditioning
initially neutral stimuls elicits strong response
pavlov
events become associated because the meaning of one event has changed the meaning of another
describe pavlov’s study
food, an unconditioned stimulus
results in salivation, unconditioned response
food and bell (neutral stimulus) together
result in salivation
then, bell (conditioned stimulus)
elicits salivation (conditioned response)
pavlov said...
one stimulus becomes the warning for the other
John Watson
little albert experiment
believed personality consists of learned stimulus-response pairing
thus conditioned emotional response
(and phobias)
define conditioned emotional response
little albert
john watson
phobias?
Systematic Desensitization
theraputic technique used to deal with fear/phobia
hierarchy of fear
ie. cartoon snake to touching a snake
learn new response that is incompatible with the existing response
aka counterconditioning
counterconditioning
learning a new response that is incompatible with the existing response
via systematic desensitization
Operant Conditioning
controlling behavior through manipulation of reward and punishment
skinner!
Describe the Skinner Box
thanks!
Skinner and eye blinks and babbling
skinner distinguished between responses elicited by known stimuli and responses that are not associated with any stimuli
Define Operant
response from an organism without an environmental eliciting stimulus
thus the initial cause of the behavior is internal
Define Reinforcer
somethign that follows a response and increases the probability of that response occurring again in the future
Positive v. negative reinforcment
adding something to increase response
removing something to increase response (think agoraphobics)
does not mean punishment
reinforcement schedules
time-based and response-based
fixed and variable
the best is response-based variable (like gambling)
time-based reinforcement schedule
regardless of behavior
each X time, reinforcement is given
response-based reinforcement schedule
when behavior is elicited, reinforcement is given
fixed-schedule reinforcement
every time the response occurs (or every fifth, or whatever), reinforcement is given
variable-schedule reinforcement
reinforcement is occasionally given
what’s the best reinforcement schedule?
response-based variable
”maybe this time I’ll get a reward. No? Okay, maybe _this_ time.”
define shaping
genesis of complex behavior
through rewarding successive approximations
reward when the bird faces left, then again if it goes further...
same with dog tricks
successive approximations
unit of shaping
way of creating complex behavior
reward when the bird faces left, then again if it goes further...
same with dog tricks
punishment
aversive stimulus to decrease behavior
reinforcer, on par with pos and neg
but works only temporarily compared to pos and neg
what defines skinner’s approach to development?
no stages
no conflicts that everyone experiences
no new mental structures
instead, the set of behaviors a person performs increases gradually as she encounters more reinforcements
what does behaviorism say about psychopathology?
describe the 4 ways it pans out...
people are not “sick”
they’re just not responding appropriately to stimuli
by failing to learn the right response
or learning a maladaptive response
or not being reinforced for adaptive behaviors
or you’ve been punished in the past for behaviors that would be adaptive now
crit eval of behaviorism
Scientific?
Yes - strong commitment to basing theory on systmeatic research
but it was primarily animal research - mightn’t humans be different?
crit eval of behaviorism
Systematic?
clean, concise system
single conceptual system explains all the different phenomena
no ids or any of that
crit eval of behaviorism
testable?
Yes, in a lab
but no, when trying to predict behav in real life
how do you determin waht a person might respond to before the fact?
crit eval of behaviorism
Comprehensive?
yes - skinner applied it to many areas
government
law
religion
relationships
etc
crit eval of behaviorism
Applicable?
yes - behavior therapy is huge
and behavioral assessment is useful and common for developing treatment objectives
and used with children and disciplinary situations
Social Learning’s Problems with Behaviorism
Based largely on animals - generalizable?
ignores too much - cognition?
views people as passive - but people self-determine
ignores social dimension
Major players in Social Learning
Rotter
Bandura
Mischel
Major Players in Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Watson
Major Players in Existentialist Psych
Rogers
Maslow
Rotter
Decision-making
Expectancy Value Theory
Locus of Control
Rotter’s Decision-making
Expectancies
will jane pick the 35k job over the 20k job?
expected value
Expected Value
Rotter’s Decision-Making
decisions are made based not just on size of reinforcment but on belief about the likely results of the behavior
Expectancy Value Theory
Rotter
Decisions are made based not only on size of reinforcement but on belief about the likely results of your behavior
specific expectancy
global expectancy
Two types of expectancy
Rotter
Specific
particular to an event
global
”i can make a difference somehow”
Locus of Control
Rotter
Internal and External
describe!
Internal v. External Locus of Control
Rotter
Internal - high general expectancy
”I have control”
External - I don’t have control, so why bother?
internals tend to perform better in life, but anxiety can result from situations that are truly out of your control
Bandura and Mischel’s 4 cognitive processes
competencies / skills
expectancies / beliefs
goals
evaluative standards
B and M’s Competencies and Skills
differences in people reflect variations in peoples’ skills in some actions
so lacking social skills may cause introversion, etc
B and M and Context
subset of “competencies and skills”
different contexts present different challenges
so study skills don’t help dating skills
B and M’s Expectancies and Beliefs
Beliefs -- Thoughts about how the world is now
Expectancies -- the future
expectations of the future determine our actions and emotions now
What kinds of expectancies are B and M talking about?
likely behavior of others
rewards or punishments
our own ability to handle stress
Why are expectancies important?
expectancies of the future determine our actions and emotions now
because we’re trying for a positive outcome
B and M say the essence of personality comes from...
the different ways you perceive sitchs
your development of expectations about the future
thus different behav patterns
so behav is explained in terms of peoples’ expectations about rewards and punishments
Self-Efficacy
your perceptions about your own capabilities for future events
you may not even try for immediate things if you’re unsure about the possible outcome
and the belief that you can do well will lead you to try hard
High v. Low Self-Efficacy
High SE
more likely to attempt difficult tasks
be calm
organize analytically
Low SE
give up easiliy
may not attempt valuable activities
SLT and Goals
your goals motivated and direct your behavior
your ability to envision the future enables you to set specific goals for action
related to, but not the same as, expectancies
The complex relationship between goals and expectancies
expectancies about performance influence goal-setting
and goals influence expectancies based on feedback
if it’s not going the same way you’d originally expected, you may change your goal, which then changes your expectancy
Evaluative Standards
SLT
mental criteria for evaluating the worth of events
personal standards - is my paper good enough?
self-evaluative reactions - we evaluate our actions and respond
did we meet our standard?
personal standards
SLT
we evaluate our own behavior with our internal standards
is my paper good enough?
yes - done!
no - rewrite!
self-evaluative reactions
SLT
we evaluate our actions and then respond to them
meet standard?
yes - satisfaction, pride
no - dissatisfaction, guilt
what are SLT’s primary reinforcers?
personal standards
self-evaluative reactions
two main principals of SLT?
Reciprocal Determinism
CAPS
reciprocal determinism?
personality, behavior, environment
a system which feeds back on itself
so people select situations as well as being shaped by them
define active agent
Active Agent
as opposed to being a pigeon in a skinner box
based on your self-efficacy, you may choose a more or less challenging situation to be in
thus you’re self-selecting your environment
-reciprocal determinism-
CAPS
Cognitive Affective Processing System
system view of structure of SLT
leads to Behavioral Signatures
Features of CAPS
cog and emo personality variables are complexly linked
different aspects of social sitchs activated subsets of the overall system
different sitchs thus cause different behavs
(if-thens, and behav sigs)
CAPS - Complex link?
complex link exists between cognitive and emotional personality variables
first, thoughts about goals
then thoughts about skills
then thoughts about self-efficacy
which affects your self-evaluations and emotions
CAPS - Differing situations and system subsets?
different aspects of social situations activated different subsets of the overall system
so dating activates the dating subset
(also, talking to someone about dating activates your own subset to predict your thoughts and emotions on the matter)
CAPS - variations in behavior?
different sitchs activate different subsets of the system
so different behaviors are produced
if-then profiles = behavioral signatures
Behavioral signatures
SLT - CAPS
if-then profiles (remember the graphs)
Observational Learning
Modeling
Bandura’s Bobo Doll
media?
observational learning v. imitation
you learn general rules of behavior that dictate your patterns, not just specific actions
innovation in beating the bobo doll in bandura’s experiment
Rational Emotive Therapy
Albert Ellis
people respond to beliefs re: events
rather than reality
beliefs that cause psych distress are irrational
(snakes aren’t inherently fear-inducing...)
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Therapy
Rational Emotive Therapy in practice
make people aware of the irrationality so they can replace their thoughts with rational ones
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck
premise - depressed person systematically misevaluates ongoing and past experiences
leads to negative views of the self, world, future (cognitive triad)
Cognitive Triad
views of the self, the world, the future
is a positive feedback loop
the target of cog therapy
Cognitive therapy in practice
identify and show how irrational beliefs about the cog triad are untrue
Aaron Beck
Cognitive Therapy
bipolar dimensions
crit eval of SLT:
Scientific?
Yes
loads of data from accumulation of objective evidence and a variety of studies
crit eval of SLT:
Systematic?
so-so
the ideas don’t always link up well
crit eval of SLT:
Testable?
Yes
well-defined constructs and ideas
proven measurement tools allow others to verify
crit eval of SLT:
Comprehensive?
Above average
addresses motivation and development and social cues
but leaves out biology and heredity
crit eval of SLT:
Applicable?
Absolutely!
is the most predominant form of therapy in use today
proven to be effective