Psy 3010 - Exam 1

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Hippocrates

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Denied superstitions. Brain central organ of intellectual activity and disorders d/t pathology. Classified disorders as mania, melancholia and phrenitis (brain fever). Used observation and relaxing activites. Four humors.

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Galen

Back 2

Four humors = temperament.

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Plato

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Studied mentally ill who had committed criminal acts. Didn't believe they were responsible. Saw people as individuals. Psychotherapy like conversations.

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Aristotle

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Thinking could eliminate pain. Didn't believe disorders were caused by psych factors, but the bile, etc.

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Chung Ching

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Hippocrates of China. Clinical observations. Stress can lead to pathologies. Drugs and relaxing activities.

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Paracelsus

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1490-1541. Early critic of superstition. Psychic causes of mental illness. Hypnosis.

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Johann Weyer

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Rebuttle of witchcraft. Founder of modern psychopathology.

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Pinel

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Unchained mentally ill and treated them with kindness shortly after French Revolution.

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Tuke

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English Quaker. Est. the York Retreat.

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Rush

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Founder of American psychiatry. Encouraged humane treatment.

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moral management

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Focused on pt.'s social, ind, and occupational needs. Rehabilitation of character instead of psych/phys needs

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Dorothea Dix

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Led political movement for humane treatment. Opened 32 mental hospitals. Mental hygiene movement.

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family aggregation

Back 13

whether a disorder runs in families.

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epidemiology

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study of the distribution of diseases.

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prevalence

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number of active cases in a population

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lifetime prevalence

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estimate of number of people who have had a disorder at any time in their lives. probability of mental disorder 46%.

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incidence

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number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (usually 1 year).

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acute

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short in duration

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internal validity

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methodologically sound (how confident can we be in the results?)

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external validity

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generalization to the population

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statistically significant

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p < 0.05

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meta-analysis

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calculates and combines effect sizes from multiple/all studies

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independent variable

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what you change

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dependent variable

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outcome

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alienists

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morality important to good mental health

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ABAB design

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Experimental design wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).

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analogue study

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Study not the true item of interest, but an approx. to it. (eg: studying animals instead of humans).

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Nancy School

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Hysteria can be caused and removed by hypnosis.

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Wundt

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1st experimental psych. lab. Empirical study of behavior.

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Operant conditioning

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Thorndike & Skinner. A response is reinforced.

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positive punishment/negative punishment

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+: give extra homework

- : take away candy

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etiology

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causal pattern

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sufficient cause

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condition that guarantees the occurrence of the disorder

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contributory cause

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increases probability of disorder

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diathesis-stress model

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some people have a higher predisposition toward developing a disorder.

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interactive model

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some amount of diathesis must exist before stress will have an effect.

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additive model

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ind. who have a high level of diathesis may need only a small amount of stress before a disorder develops.

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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

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Hormone CRH > hypothalmus > pituitary (ACTH released) > adrenal gland (ephinephrine (adrenaline) & cortisol) > neg. feedback loop decreases release of CRH & ACTH.

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Psychosexual stages of deveopment

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Oral: 1-2 years

Anal: 2-3 years

Phallic: 3-5 or 6 years

Latency period: 6-10 years

genital: after puberty

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object relations theory

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focus on inds. reactions w/ real & imagined other people (external internal objects) and on relationships between the two.

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interpersonal perspective

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emphasizes social and cultural forces rather than inner instincts as determinants of behavior

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discrimination

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learning to distinguish between similar stimuli

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cognitive behavioral theory

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Focuses on how thoughts and info processing become distorted, leading to negative feelings and behaviors. Founder: Beck.

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attribution style

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characteristic way in which an ind. may tend to assign causes to bad or good events

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Reliable

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Expect same result every time

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Valid

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Instrument measures what its supposed to

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Five dimensions of temperment

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fearfulness, irritability/frustration, positive affect, activity level & attention persistence

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Developmental systems approach

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Genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which influences environment. Influences are bidirectional.

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standardization

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process by which a psych test is administered, scored and interpreted in a consistent manner

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EEG

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assesses brain wave patterns in waking and sleeping states

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CAT

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finds anomalies in brain structure

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MRI

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Sharper and easier than CAT. Uses magnetic fields for imaging.

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PET

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Metabolic portrait

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fMRI

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Measures changes in local oxygenation (blood flow). Most used. Not used as diagnostic too. Great for research.

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Neuropsychological exam

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uses various testing devices to measure a person's cognitive, perceptual and motor performance as clues to extent and location of brain damage.

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Psychosocial assessment

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includes relevant info about environment, personality, level of functioning, stressors and resources available

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analogue situations

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designed to yield info about a person's adaptive strategies (eg: role playing, event reenactment, think-aloud, etc.)

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Halstead-Reitan Battery

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A set of neuropsychological tests used to assess the condition and functioning of the brain, including type and localization of damage.

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DSM-5

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More comprehensive, allows for gender related differences in diagnosis, provides structured interview regarding cultural influences. New category: trauma & stress related disorders.

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Allostasis

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process of adaptation or achieving stability through change

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leukocytes

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white blood cells in bone marrow; stored in spleen and lymph nodes; front line of defense; communicate with brain through cytokines

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B-Cell

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produces specific antibodies designed to respond to specific antigens; bone marrow

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T-Cell

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activated by macrophages to detect antigens; thymus

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cytokines

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protein molecule chemical messengers; allow immune cells to communicate with each other; mediate inflammatory and immune response; can stimulate HPA axis

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systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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systolic: blood out from heart

diastolic: blood into heart

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normal blood pressure

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systolic: 90-120

diastolic: 60-80

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adjustment disorder

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< 4 weeks; w/in 3 mo. of stressor; symptoms leave after adjustment

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PTSD

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+ 4 weeks; lifetime prevalence rate in US 6.8%; higher rates in women. On diagnostic scale: re-experience, avoidance & arousal. 50% military.

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Cortisol

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Created in adrenal gland. Suppresses immune system.

Front 70

Which of the following is an example of family aggregation?

Back 70

Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

Front 71

Which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders?

Back 71

Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims.

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Why is it important to know how many people have diagnosable mental illnesses?

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Such information is needed to plan for the provision of adequate services.

Front 73

In ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was

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thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god.

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What is Galen credited with?

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Recognizing that psychological disorders could have both biological and psychological causes

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The disorder Koro, where males fear that their genitals have retracted into their body, possibly leading to death, is similar to the episodes of mass madness during the Black Death because

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both demonstrated the effect that sociocultural stressors can have on mental functioning of large groups of people.

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What is the primary focus of the field of developmental psychopathology?

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To understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal.

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One important contribution of Freud's theory was that

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he applied the same principles to normal and abnormal behavior.

Front 78

. "Projective" and "objective" are two types of ________ tests.

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personality

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Research by Exner and others has shown that the Rorschach

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can be scored by computer, thereby increasing its reliability.

Front 80

Which cytokine has been associated with depression and caring for family members with Alzheimer's disease?

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interleukin-6