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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Humanistic Psychology |
To understand a person you must understand their unique view of reality (belief that their behavior is connected to their inner feelings) Goal: To overcome paradox by acknowledging and addressing ways in which the field of psychology is unique Strengths and criticisms- Strengths- positive viewpoint, emphasis on consciousness and individual choice, observes human behavior not animals and in context of environment, perception and feelings Criticisms - too much emphasis on conscious and subjective experiences, Kelly sees people as too analytical, simplistic and unreliable. |
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Phenomenology |
study of subjective experience (carl rogers) and structures of consciousness [construal]-an individual’s particular experience of the world or way of interpreting reality one's conscious experience of the world right here, right now |
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Existential angst |
the anxiety that stems from doubts about the meaning and purpose of life Results of this angst- You have to decide: either live in bad faith and avoid questions OR have authentic experience and take control |
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Humanistic Theories |
Humanistic theories originated from existential philosophy Interested in the nature and meaning of human existence, a reaction against positivism -> rational rules for behavior, focus on what we believe NOT why we believe it figure out how to answer questions of “Why am I here?” “What should I do with my life?” |
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Umwelt Perception |
The sensations you feel by virtue of being a biological organism physical feelings |
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Mitwelt-social experience |
Consisting of what you think and feel as a social beingyour emotions to an action |
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Eigenwelt-psychological experience |
Your inner experience, including the experience of introspection (watching yourself feeling the pin print, lifting out of your body and being able to look down at yourself) |
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self-actualization |
people have one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance their own experience Goal: to maintain and enhance life it’s the meaning of existence (sharp departure from existential philosophy). |
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Q sort (Carl Rogers) |
each black square is a card with different statements like, “optimistic about most things”, must sort cards into categories: uncharacteristic or characteristic (somewhat, fairly, quite, extremely): He used this in therapy to compare self sort and ideal sort: quantify perceptions. Could compare self ideal sorts at the beginning and ending of therapy. |
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Csikszentmihalyi’s Flow |
being “in the zone”/single-minded/focused motivation |
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George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory |
Constructive alternativism: no objective reality. Theory combines cognition and motivation (thinking process). Everyone has own personal constructs, developed through experience that influence expectations. measured with Role Construct Repertory Test (REP test) |
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REP test (Role Construct Repertory Test) |
Give a list of important people (or anything), then say how two of them are similar to each other, and how the third is different. The characteristics used to describe the people are constructs. |
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enculturation |
acquiring native culture at an early age |
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acculturation |
learning a new culture |
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etic |
outsider: search for universal components of characteristics, comparative: ex. compare extroversion across cultures |
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emic |
Insider: study of characteristics deemed meaningful by members of that culture: creates endogenous scales |
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Triandis |
3 dimensions of cultural comparison: - complexity - tightness v. looseness - collectivism v. individualism ---Collectivist: Japan,Taiwan, China, India, Peru - Asian, African & Latin countries ---Individualist: US, Australia, Canada, Netherlands - Western/ European countries |
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Cohen & Nisbett Study |
letters sent out about 27 y/o applicant Results showed Southern and Western companies responded more warmly to the homicide condition than Northern companies. There was no significant difference with theft condition. |
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ethnocentrism |
judging people based only on what you know about your own culture |
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behaviorism |
knowledge comes from experience; emphasis on environment |
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association |
organisms learn associations between 2 things; personality is learned |
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hedonism |
people learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain; source of motivation |
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Habituation |
the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience |
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Classical Conditioning |
Pavlov explains changes in reactions to the world; associated stimuli; stimuli have no impact on behavio |
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Stimulus-Response theory of personality (Watson) |
personality is simply learning various responses to stimuli; everyone has own learning history → personality |
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Operant Conditioning |
Skinner explains changes in how one acts in the world; responses to behavior is important; cause and effect |
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"law of effect” (Thorndike) |
organisms will continue a behavior that has a desired effect as a result of behavior influences behavior |
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Dollard & Miller Social Learning Theory |
Habit hierarchy: behavior you are most likely to perform is at the top of your hierarchy. rewards and punishments can change order Drives (primary and secondary) Primary: A drive that is innate to the organism, such as the hunger drive. Secondary: A drive that is learned through its association with primary drives. (Love, prestige, money, power) works by: reduce a drive → reinforcement → behavioral change reward won’t be effective without a drive -Frustration-aggression hypothesis: when a need/goal is blocked (frustration), increase aggression -Approach-avoidance conflict: something desired vs. something feared |
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Rotter’s social learning theory |
Expectancy value theory: behavior determined by reinforcement value and beliefs about likely results of behavior Locus of control internal: i am in control of the results external: i am not in control internal preferred |
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Expectancy value theory |
behavior determined by reinforcement value and beliefs about likely results of behavior |
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Bandura's Social Learning Theory |
Efficacy expectations (e.g. leg strength study): belief that I can perform the behavior; higher self efficacy → better Observational learning (e.g., bobo doll study), Assumptions: -Self-system: assume cognitions are used to evaluate situation and regulate behavior -Reciprocal determinism: assume you choose your environment, which changes your self system, which influences behavior |
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Mischel’s Cognitive Affective Personality System (the CAPS model) |
Cognitive person variables -cognitive and behavioral competence (skills) -encoding and personal constructs (how info is organized) -subjective stimuli values (preference of objects) -self-regulation systems/plans (internal processes to control behavior) -Affects (feelings and emotions) “If…then” contingencies -behavioral signature (unique pattern if-then contingencies) -Mischel wanted these to replace traits for unique personality differences Advantages: more sensitive to behavioral changes across situations |
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Cognitive-Experiential Self theory (Epstein) |
Rational system: logical, now, factual knowledge Experiential system: past, reactions, not easily changed, assumed way animals think, emotion |
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Nomotheic Goals |
McClelland 1. achievement 2. affiliation 3. power |
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5 big goals by Emmons |
1. enjoyment 2. assertion 3. interpersonal success 4. avoid negative affect 5. esteem |
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Entity theories |
believe that personal qualities such as intelligence and ability are unchangeable, leading them to respond helplessly to any indication that they do not have what it takes |
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incremental theories |
believe that intelligence and ability can change with time and experience. Their goals involve proving their competence and also increasing it |
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6 Basic emotions (Ekman) |
happy, sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust |
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Circumplex Model |
Based on arousal (high/low activation) and Pleasantness (negative or positive emotion) |
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I |
The (?) is the part of you that does the observing: the part that actually thinks, feels, and behaves. |
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Me |
The (?) is your self-concept--all the information you know about yourself. An object that can be observed and described. but the core is the personality and our abilities |
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Self-knowledge |
How you treat others. The way you organize your thoughts and memories. Your impressions and judgements of others. |
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Self-schema & Self-concept |
Organization of beliefs, ideas, and perceptions about the self. Interested in content of schema but also how strongly things are part of schema or how closely related: ex. mentioning red quicker than mascot in relation to “cardinal”. impacts info processing by: Remember information about schema: self reference effect: Attend to information relevant to schema/ignore other information, look at others in terms of our schema, may create biases in perception. We remember info about our self schema. |
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Sociometer theory |
Leary 1999 Low SE may result when others lose respect or stop liking you as a warning of rejection High self esteem may indicate success and acceptance in a social group |
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Explicit knowledge or declarative knowledge |
It’s the conscious knowledge that you have and can articulate. (ex. Are you an extrovert? Do you like icecream? |
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Implicit knowledge |
Including procedural self. Unconscious, outside of awareness. Ex. Things learned through associations. |
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self-determination |
individualist view of self assumes the cause of behavior lies within the person--as a result, individual is expected to behave consistently from one situation to next |
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self-regard |
individualist need for positive self-regard may be felt less acutely by a member of a collectivist culture |
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Personality Disorder |
Configuration of traits considered “socially unacceptable” |
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Cluster A |
"odd, eccentric" Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal troubles with contact with reality prevalence = 5.7 |
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Cluster B |
"dramatic, emotional, erratic" Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic difficult social interactions prevalence = 1.5% |
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Cluster C |
"anxious, fearful" avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive emotional obsess prevalence = 6.0% |
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Avoidant personality disorder |
(cluster c) -Fear of failure, rejection -Sensitive to criticism (avoid social interaction for criticism) -Activities are restricted (to avoid embarrassment) -Need reassurance (afraid of being reject and mock, want close relationship but can’t hold it because afraid of rejection) *Prevalence about 2.4%, diagnosis in equal for gender -May start in childhood and gradually increase |
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Dependent personality disorder |
(cluster c) Need to be taken care of (just want other people to do things for them, can’t finish work on their own) -Submissiveness -Seeking reassurance from others (don’t like to be disagree from others, may tolerant others’ abused behavior) *Probably most often diagnosed, diagnosed more often in Women, 0.6% of US adults -Careful: DSM states that “passivity, politeness, and deferential treatment” are characteristics of some cultures |
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Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
(cluster c) Different from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): might not be perfectionist -Preoccupied with order, rules, details -Perfectionistic -Workaholic (not try to accomplish tasks, but enjoy working) -Rigid, Stubborn, Inflexible, Miserly (not open to change, like to do thing in the same way - time over time) -Pack rat behavior (make super detailed to-do-list, feel like have to do things by themselves because no one can do it like themselves) ***Prevalence about 2.1%-7.9% of US adults, twice as often diagnosed in men than women |
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histrionic personality disorder |
(cluster b) Strong need for attention and acceptance -May be emotionally dramatic and take risks -Shallow opinions and suggestibility (easily swayed)(strong emotional & opinions, use behavior to get others’ attention, risk taking behavior, super high extrovert) ***Prevalence 1.8% of US adults, no gender difference -Slightly higher in women than men -In men, it is manifested more in terms of being macho or good at traditionally masculine things |
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antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy or sociopathy) |
(cluster b) -Unlawful behavior -Deceitfulness -Impulsivity/failure to plan ahead -Irritability or aggressiveness -Repeated physical fights/assaults -Reckless disregard for safety -Lack of remorse/Indifferent to hurting and mistreating others(lie frequently, steal stuff, not behavior in good way, tend to be in risky situation, say sorry but don’t really feel sorry because keep repeat the same behavior, high rates of drug addiction & divorce) ***3% in males, 1% in females -Seems to fade as people age; maybe because of decline in testosterone |
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narcissistic personality behavior |
(cluster b) -Excessive Self-love (myth of narcissus) -Strong sense of self-importance, entitlement and superiority -Need to be admired (believe they are the best, need support from others, think they should be with people who are highly successful) -Lack of insight into other people’s feelings and needs (very insensitive, insecure) -Sense of fragile self-esteem (the narcissistic paradox) (may not be aware that they take others opinion or critics hardly) ---Envy of others (happy with small office when all others have small office as well) -Extremely ego-syntonic ***prevalence 6.2% of US adults, about ½ to ¾ of those diagnosed are male |
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paranoid personality disorder |
(cluster a) -Does not trust others -Suspicious without reason (assume the worse) -Is prone to resentment, pathological jealousy, and hostility towards others (more likely to see them in lawsuit) ***Prevalence 4.4% of US adults, more common in males |
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Schizotypal personality disorder |
(cluster a) -Poor social skills; Anxious in social contexts -Odd, eccentric beliefs -Nonconforming or “different” -Suspicious of others -Unusualness in perceptions and experiences (can be aware what they are thinking isn’t right, but still think about it) ***3.9% of US adults, might have family relative, slightly more common in males, stable throughout life -How does this differ from schizophrenia? ---Person is aware that their thoughts/feelings are not right, but feel them anyway; people with schizophrenia are not aware of this |
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Schizoid personality disorder |
(cluster a) -Schizoid refers to a schism or detachment -Detachment from normal social relationships -Pleasureless life (lack of fin pleasure) -Limited emotional range ***3-5% of US adults, more common and severe in males |
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borderline personality disorder |
(cluster b) -nstability of relationships, emotions and self-image (not really sure who they are, frequently change in goals & moods) -Identity disturbance -Fears of abandonment -Prone to self-harm (cutting behavior, don’t really want to die but just want to get others’ attention & feel that they are important) -Impulsive -So called because this disorder is on the “borderline” of being considered an Axis 1 disorder ***Prevalence 1.6-5.9% of US adults, mostly in people younger than 30 or 40, mostly in women |
