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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biological-- male vs. female
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sex
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sociocultural and psychlogical dimensions of being male/female
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gender
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expectations describing how females/males should think,feel,act
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gender roles
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biological influences on gender
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pubertal change
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Piaget emphasizes this which means grabbing ahold of schemas to make sense of thing
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equilibrium
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What do Freud and Erikson believe about gender?
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anatomy is destiny
identity is based on physical anatomy |
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Explain evolutionary psychology and gender.
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some believe that certian traits favor survival
male: strong female: nurturing |
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Social influences on gender
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parental, sibling, peers, school, mass-media
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cognitive influences on gender
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gender-typing
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Cognitive Development Theory of Gender
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children's gender-typing occurs after they have developed a concept a gender
once children think of themselves as male or femle, they organize their world based on their gender hyper attuned |
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Gender Schema Theory
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always a work in progress
gender-typing emerges as individual gradually develops gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate in thier culture |
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What might a parent try to do to influence a child's gender identity?
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throw as much information into schema building process as possible to balance it
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender
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Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex
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Androgynous
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high rating in both masculine and feminine
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Undifferentiated
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low rating in both masculine and feminine
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What is wrong with the gender role classification chart?
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there is a certain judgement that specific traits are masculine or feminine
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Gender Role Transcendent
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when an individuals competetence is at issue, it should be conceptualized not on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny, but rather on a personal basis
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Pat
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not androgynous but undiffferentiated
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Physical Simliarities and Differences in Gender
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weight distribution
size of different parts of the brain |
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In the brain...
Boys have a bigger ____ Girls have a bigger ____ |
Boys- hypothalamus
Girls- corpus collossum |
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Cognitive Similarities and Differences in Gender
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Boys have cognitive adv. in visual/spatial (math)
Girls have a cognitive adv. in verbal |
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Who is more likely to drop out of school? boys or girls?
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boys
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Who is most represented in class rank? boys or girls?
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girls
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Socioemotional Differences
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rapport- girls
report- boys |
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The View is an example of report or rapport?
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rapport
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ESPN radio is an example of report or rapport?
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report
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Problems with Traditional Masculinity in Adolescent Males
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Boy Code causes boys to act out inappropriately
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Boy Code
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boys are socialized to not show feelings and act tough
Boys cold benefit from being socialized to express anxieties and concern |
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Why do boys act out?
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They hide their feelings and then those feelings manifest in ways that are not socially inappropriate. Or, in ways that are hurtful but they think will show masculinity.
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Who wrote Real Boys?
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Pollack
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Who wrote Reviving Ophelia?
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Mary Piper
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Gender Intensification Hypothesis
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psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolesence due to increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine/feminine gender roles
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What is the driving force of the Gender Intensification Hypothesis?
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physical changes
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Why do physical changes have such a major effect on how adolescents perceive their gender?
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adults will act upon these changes and kids build schemas about how they can act, now they have changed
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Is there a set sequence to sexual behavior?
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no, it's changing.
it used to be: making out, petting, intercourse, oral |
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T or F
There is a predictable increase of youth who say they have had sexual intercourse as age increases. |
TRUE
15-19 22%-85% |
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Sexual Scripts (schemas)
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stereotypical pattern or role prescriptions for how individuals should sexuall behave
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T or F
Males and females generally follow the same sexual script. |
FALSE
Males and females have been socialized to follow different sexual scripts. |
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What is the common adolescent sexual script?
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The male is sexually agressive and it is left to the female to set limits.
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Teenage Sex Risk Factors
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numerous partners, not using contraceptives, drinking and delinquincy, pregnancy
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5 Layers of Erotic Life (onion)
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1. sexual identity
2. sexual orientation (male/female) 3. sexual interest (fetish) 4. sex role (aggression/passion) 5. sexual performance (bhvr) |
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Kinsey Scale
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continuum of sexual orientation
0-6 0=exclusively hetero 3=equally hetero/homo (bi) 6=exclusively homo |
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Most Common Rating on Kinsey Scale
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1=incidental homosexual behavior
5=incidental heterosexual behavior |
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Who do LGBT teens generall disclose to first?
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friend, then mother
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Sophie Coming Out Model
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1. First Awareness
2. Testing and Exploration 3. Identity Acceptance 4. Identity Integration |
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Ted Haggard
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consevative evangelist who was found to be gay
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Toughest part for LGBT teens
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kids are not equipped to deal with inconsistency between what they must present to the world and what they know to self
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Questioning Youth Center follows what model
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Sophie Coming Out Model
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Trevor
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sex-male
gender- female-ish testing and exploration- magazines acceptance- Jack |
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T or F
Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives, but large numbers still do not use them. |
TRUE
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What factors increase or decrease the liklihood of an adolescent using birth control?
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lack of executive function
"it won't happen to me" availability |
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What sort of messages are youth sent about sexuality?
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VERY UNCLEAR
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US pregnancy rates are dropping or rising? Why?
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dropping
fear of STDs, health class, availability of birth control, greater hope, consequences, abortion |
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sexual literacy
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media, peers, family, technology
all have potential for postive or negative outcomes in literacy of sex |
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moral development
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involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
1) THINK 2) BEHAVE 3) FEEL |
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Best Buy example..
how does it fit into moral development? |
1) he THOUGHT it was wrong
2) he DID IT anyway 3) he FELT guilty and justified |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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Heteronomous Morality
Autonomous Morality |
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Heteronomous Morality
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4-7 years of age
justive and rules as unchangeable (Piaget) |
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Autonomous Morality
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10 years old or older
aware that rules and laws are man-made rules are a matter of opinion actor's intentions should be considered |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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based primarily on reasoning
6 stages, 3 levels L1: Preconventional Reasoning 1-heteronomous 2-individualism L2: Conventional Reasoning 3- i'm in control 4- social system morality (collectivism) L3: Post-conventional Reasoning 5- social contract 6- universal ethical principles |
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Level 1 of Kohlberg's Theory Focuses on:
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behaviorism, punishment, me
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Level 2 of Kohlberg's Theory Focuses on:
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doing the right thing, incorprating personal thought
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Level 3 of Kohlberg's Theory Focuses on:
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internal, universal rights and wrongs
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Which stage of Kohlberg's theory is the normal in adulthood?
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4
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Which stage of Kohlebergs theory is the norm in childhood?
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2
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Kohlberg's beliefs on morality
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occur in sequence
age related stages 1-4 universal stages 5-6 culturally affected |
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critics of Kohlberg
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focuses on moral reasoning but not bhavior
no focus on culture no focus on family processes no gender differences |
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Gender Differences in Moral Development
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Justice (M) - focus on individual rights, independently making moral decisions
Care (F)- focus on others and how decisions will affect |
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Key of Kohlberg's Theory
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internalization (developing a sense of 'me')
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Social Cognitive Theory
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moral competence: ability to produce moral behaviors
moral perfomance: perfoming those behaviors in alllll situations (consistence... limewire) |
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Limewire usuage is an example of:
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lack of moral performance in social cognitive theory
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Pro-social Behavior
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altruism: unselfish interest in helping others
forgiveness: releasing injurer from possible retaliation |
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psycho analytic theory
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ego ideal: component of the superego that inolves standards approved by parents
conscience: component of the superego that involves behaviors disapproved by parents |
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ego ideal:
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component of super ego that involves standards approved by parents
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conscience:
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component of super ego that involves standards disapproved by parents
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Do you want too much or too little super ego?
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neither.. balance
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WWMDD? (Mom and Dad)
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psychoanalytic theory of moral development
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Parenting and Moral Development
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discipline
love withdrawal power assertion induction***** |
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love withdrawal
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punitive discipline
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power assertion
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I'll drive you right back and you'll return it
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induction**
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see it as a learning situation, talk about it, allow child to make right choice (authoritative)
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Biopsychosocial Approach
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use all three to reference how did something happen and how to get it back to normal
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Bio approach
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function of the body
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Psycho approach
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psychological factors involved
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social approach
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SES, neighborhood
work on context of problem |
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Internalizing Problems
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when individuals turn problems inward (depression)
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Externalizing Problems
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when individuals turn problems outward (conduct disorder)
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Conduct Disorder (adolescents)
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1- oppositional defiant disorder
2- conduct disorder 3- antisocial personality |
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How to diagnose conduct disorder:
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repititive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated as manifested by 3 behaviors:
aggression towards people/animals destruction of property decietfulness or theft serious violations of rules |
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Antecedents to Juvenile Delinquincy
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authority conflits, covert acts, overt acts, negative identity, cognitive distortions, low self-control, early initiation, male gender, permissive parenting, peer status, low SES
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Treatment for Conduct Disorder
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1st- probation, incarceration, hospitalization (behavioral)
2nd- meds for co-morbid 3rd- supportive psycho therapy |
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Diagnosing Depression
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individual experiences a depressive episode during a 2 week period in which 5 of the 9 characteristics are present:
-depressed mood most of day -reduced interest in pleasure activities (anhedonia) -significant change in weight or appetite -trouble sleeping or sleep too much -pyschomotor retardation -fatigue/loss of energy -feelings of worthlessness or guilt (excessive and inapprorpriate) -problems thinking, concentration, decision making -recurrent thoughts of death and suicide |
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self-mutilation
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not always connected with suicide
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Factors relating to suicide
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sexual orientation
family instability genetic factors |
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Who contemplates suicide more? male or females?
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females, but males do it more
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copy cat suicide
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every remaining person is at higher risk
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Who is at high risk for suicide?
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LGBT, anyone who knows someone who committed suicide, adolescents with numerous problems
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Biopsychosocial Treatment
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Bio- pharmacology
Psycho- cognitive behavioral therapy Social- family intervention |
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sources of resilience
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individual, family, extrafamilial
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factors related to positive outcomes in adolescence
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self reflection (aware)
self efficacy (i can handle) self complexity (complex, parfait) persistence and ambition self-esteem (high regard) |
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coherant narratives
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recognizing what events led to eac imortant development in life and making sense of the big picture
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