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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Partial Reinforcement
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reinforcing a response onlyh part of the time, results in slower acquisition of the response but have a much greater resistance to extinction
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Fixed-ratio Reinforcement
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specitied number of responses
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variable ratio schedule
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that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Continuous Reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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fixed-interval
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a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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variable interval schedule
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a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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Symbolic representation
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abstract; no systematic relationship with referent
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Analogical
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images/imagery
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Concept
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mental representation of a type of thing
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Category
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the group of things identified by the concepts
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Algorithms
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantess solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier heuristi
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Heuristics
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A simple thinking stategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
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Confirmation Bias
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a tendencty to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to igore or distort contradictory evidence
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Representativeness
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead to us to ignore other relevant facts (Jacquline the feminist banker)
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Availability
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances readily come to mind.
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Overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuratcy of our beliefs and judgements
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Belief perserverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Framing
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the way an issue is posed how and issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
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Problems with the Classical view
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hard to define necessary and sufficient features
ambiguity - does it really belong some examples are better members than others |
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Exemplar theory
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concepts are based on specific examples
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Schemas
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a way of organizing knowledge
includes expectations that serve as defaults when we encounter novel examples |
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Reasoning
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drawing a conclusion based on principles and/or evidence
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Deductive Reasoning
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follows rules, if premise is true conclusion is true
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Inductive Reasoning
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Allows us to expand on conclusions, Conclusions need not be true based on premise
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Asian disease problem
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Losses loom larger than gains, people are risk-averse for gains, and risk-seeking for losses, example of framing
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Additive Elimination
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pros and cons list and see how you feel
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Eliminative Strategy
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non-compensatory
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Endowment Effect
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How possession of an object influences value
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Gambler's Fallacy
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people consider alternation to be an important aspect of random sequences, as a results "runs" are deemed nonrandom
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Bounded rationality
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we generally make good decisions given the complexity of our world and the heuristics that we use but sometimes the results are sub optimal; influenced by framing and heuristics
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Compromising Effect
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after adding a thrid alternative the intermediate option becomes more preferred
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Attraction Effect
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The alternative that is clearly superior to one of the others becomes most preferred
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Properties of Language
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Communicative
Arbitrary Structured Generatitve Productive |
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Levels of Analysis
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pragmantics
Syntax Semantics Morphology Phonology |
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Categorical Perception
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taking continuous input information, percieving as discreet
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Morphemes
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indicate: tense
possession adjective comparison |
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Semantics
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colorless green ideas sleep furiously
study of linguistic meanings |
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Syntax
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word order and grammer
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pragmatics
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context and discourse
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Morphology
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sub-lexical units of words
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Phonology
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sounds of speech
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Segmentation
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natural speech doesn't occur in convenient units
McGurk Effect *eel on the shoe |
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Invriance Problem
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the meaning of individual words highly constrained by surround words
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0-6
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cooing
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10-15
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one-word utternaces
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12-24
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one word stage
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18-24
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two word stage, telegraphic speech
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24+
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Language development into complete sentences
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critical period
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certain period for matstering certain aspects of language, 6-7 y.o. and before puberty
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Given/new strategy
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Conveying new information by relating it to what is already known
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Broca's area
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controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere, directs the muscle movements in speech
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Wernickes's Area
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Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe.
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Angular gyrus
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Recieves visual information from visual area and recodes it into an auditory from, which Wernicke's area derives its meaning
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mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often that has been successful in the past
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function; impediment to problem solving
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