Psy 1010, Chap 14-16

Front 1

aggression

Back 1

Violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm, or both, to another being

Front 2

Altruism

Back 2

Selfless attitudes and behavior towards others

Front 3

attitudes

Back 3

an indiviudal's favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, an idea, or a person

Front 4

Attributions

Back 4

inferences made about the cause of other people's behavior

Front 5

Bystander effect

Back 5

a phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.

Front 6

Cognitive dissonance

Back 6

the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person's conception of himself or herself as a reasonable and sensible person

Front 7

Compassion

Back 7

a state of relationship in which one feels kindness toward another who is suffering and one feels motivated to help relieve tha tsuffering

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Conformity

Back 8

the tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture

Front 9

cult

Back 9

an extremist group led by a charismatic, totalitarian leader in which coercive methods are used to prevent members from leavin gthe group

Front 10

discrimination

Back 10

the preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes

Front 11

empathy

Back 11

the ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations

Front 12

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Back 12

the idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel emathy for them

Front 13

fundamental attribution error

Back 13

the tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms

Front 14

groupthink

Back 14

a situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision

Front 15

information social influence

Back 15

conformity to the behavior of others because one view them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do

Front 16

in-group/out-group bias

Back 16

a tendency to show positive feelings toward people who beling to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups

Front 17

kin selection

Back 17

the evolutionary favoring of genes that prompt individuals to help their relative, or kin

Front 18

normative social influence

Back 18

conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them

Front 19

obedience

Back 19

a type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person

Front 20

out-group homogeneity

Back 20

the tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same

Front 21

persuasion

Back 21

the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs or choices of others by explanation or agument

Front 22

prejudice

Back 22

a biased attitude toward a group of people or an indiviidual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like

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Prosocial behavior

Back 23

action that is beneficial to others

Front 24

reciprocal altruism

Back 24

the act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future

Front 25

self-serving bias

Back 25

the tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes

Front 26

sexual strategies theory

Back 26

the idea tha tmen and women face different problems when they seek out mates, so they often approach relationships in very different ways

Front 27

social exchange theory

Back 27

the idea that we help others when we understand that the benifits to ourselves are likely to outweight the costs

Front 28

social facilitation

Back 28

a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves one's performance

Front 29

stereotypes

Back 29

schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong

Front 30

Triangular theory of love

Back 30

sternberg's idea that three components (intimacy, passion, and commitment), in various combinations, can explain all the forms of human love

Front 31

social loafing

Back 31

a phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax one's standards and slack off.

Front 32

social norms

Back 32

rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives

Front 33

agoraphobia

Back 33

an anxiety disorder involving fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be availalbe, should a panic attack occur

Front 34

avoidant personality disorder

Back 34

an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction

Front 35

Antisocial personality disorder

Back 35

dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by extremely impulsive, deceptive, violent, ruthless, and callous behaviors; a serious and potentially dangerous disorder.

Front 36

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 36

a childhood disorder characterized by inability to focus attention for more than a few minutes, to remain still and quiet, to do careful work.

Front 37

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Back 37

a childhood disorder characterized by severe language and social impairment along with repetitive habits and inward-focused behaviors.

Front 38

avoidant personality disorder

Back 38

an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction.

Front 39

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Back 39

a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods.

Front 40

borderline personality disorder

Back 40

a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by out-of-control emotions, fear of being abandoned by others, and vacillation between idealizing and despising people who are close to the person with the disorder.

Front 41

cognitive symptoms (of schizophrenia)

Back 41

problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing, and speech.

Front 42

comorbidity

Back 42

the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time.

Front 43

compulsion

Back 43

a repetitive behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

Front 44

cyclothymia

Back 44

a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder

Front 45

delusions

Back 45

one of the symptoms of schizophrenia: false beliefs or exaggerations help despite evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is a famous person.

Front 46

dependent personality disorder

Back 46

an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for.

Front 47

depressive disorder

Back 47

the highest order category of the depressive disorders and subsumes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

Front 48

diathesis-stress model

Back 48

an explanation for the origin of psychological disorders as a combination of biological predispositions (diathesis) plus stress or an abusive environment.

Front 49

dissociative disorders

Back 49

psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.

Front 50

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Back 50

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with its own memories, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions; some psychiatrists question the legitimacy of the disorder.

Front 51

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Back 51

a state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months

Front 52

hallucinations

Back 52

convicing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

Front 53

histrionic personality disorder

Back 53

a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors.

Front 54

hypomanic episodes

Back 54

symptoms of mania (e.g., increased energy, euphoria, racing thoughts) but that are less severe.

Front 55

illness anxiety disorder

Back 55

preoccupation with and anxiety about acquiring a serious illness for at least 6 months.

Front 56

joint attention

Back 56

the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction that someone else is looking.

Front 57

major depressive disorder

Back 57

a mood disorder characterized by pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt that last for at least 2 consecutive weeks.

Front 58

manic episodes

Back 58

one mood cycle in bipolar disorder, typically involving increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and “racing” thoughts that last at least 1 week.

Front 59

narcissistic personality disorder

Back 59

a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being extraordinarily self-centered; other symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and grandiosity.

Front 60

negative symptoms (of schizophrenia)

Back 60

symptoms that include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility, catatonia, problems with speech, and inability to complete tasks.

Front 61

obsession

Back 61

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.

Front 62

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Back 62

an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behaviors.

Front 63

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

Back 63

an anxious-fearful personality disorder characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism; more general than obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Front 64

panic attacks

Back 64

an anxiety disorder; associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects, for example.

Front 65

panic disorder

Back 65

an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks.

Front 66

paranoid personality disorder

Back 66

an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways.

Front 67

persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

Back 67

previously known as dysthymia and involves same symptoms as major depression but at less severe levels.

Front 68

personality disorders

Back 68

patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that develop in late childhood or adolescence and are maladaptive and inflexible; they are more stable than clinical disorders.

Front 69

phobia

Back 69

an anxiety disorder: an ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity

Front 70

positive symptoms (of schizophrenia)

Back 70

the perceptual experiences associated with schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech.

Front 71

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 71

a type of trauma- and stressor-related disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events.

Front 72

psychotic disorders

Back 72

psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions.

Front 73

schizoid personality disorder

Back 73

an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor.

Front 74

schizophrenia

Back 74

a psychotic disorder characterized by significant disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically problems with perception, including hallucinations.`

Front 75

schizotypal personality disorde

Back 75

an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to live an isolated and asocial life, but also by the presence of odd thoughts and beliefs.

Front 76

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

Back 76

an anxiety disorder: fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.

Front 77

somatic symptom disorder

Back 77

a psychological disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause disruption and that persist for at least 6 months.

Front 78

syndrome

Back 78

a group, or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder.

Front 79

word salad

Back 79

the speech of people with schizophrenia, which may follow grammatical rules but be nonsensical in terms of content.

Front 80

atypicla antipsychotics

Back 80

newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia.

Front 81

barbiturates

Back 81

a class of anxiety-reducing sedatives that can be addictive and carry a risk of overdose.

Front 82

behavior therapies

Back 82

therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders.

Front 83

benzodiazepines

Back 83

a class of anxiety-reducing drugs that can be addictive but are less dangerous than barbiturates.

Front 84

catharsis

Back 84

the process of releasing intense, often unconscious emotions in a therapeutic setting.

Front 85

client-centered therapy

Back 85

a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient.

Front 86

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Back 86

an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviors.

Front 87

cogntive therapy

Back 87

any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patterns.

Front 88

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Back 88

treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorders.

Front 89

dodo bird verdict

Back 89

the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies.

Front 90

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 90

the treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure.

Front 91

evidence-based therapies

Back 91

treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome.

Front 92

flooding

Back 92

form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object

Front 93

free association

Back 93

a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

Front 94

group therapy

Back 94

a therapeutic setting in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another.

Front 95

integrative therapy

Back 95

an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.

Front 96

lithium

Back 96

a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mainia associated with bipolar disorder

Front 97

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Back 97

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns.

Front 98

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Back 98

a class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

Front 99

phenothiazines

Back 99

drugs used to treat schizophrenia; help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects

Front 100

optogentics

Back 100

a treatment that uses a combination of light stiumulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons

Front 101

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 101

a treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.

Front 102

psychotherapy

Back 102

the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behavior.

Front 103

prefrontal lobotomy

Back 103

a form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; no longer in use.

Front 104

psychoanalytic therapy

Back 104

based on Freud's ideas, a therapeutic approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation.

Front 105

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Back 105

drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.

Front 106

support groups

Back 106

meetings of people who share a common situation, be it a disorder, a disease, or coping with an ill family member.

Front 107

systematic desensitization

Back 107

a behavioral therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.

Front 108

tardive dyskinesia

Back 108

repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.

Front 109

technology-based therapies

Back 109

therapies that make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or to make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.

Front 110

token economies

Back 110

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.

Front 111

traditional antipsychotics

Back 111

historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.

Front 112

transference

Back 112

the process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the client's past.

Front 113

tricyclic antidepressants

Back 113

drugs used for treating depression as well as chronic pain and ADHD.

Front 114

virtual reality therapies

Back 114

therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.