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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(CBT)
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Mixes both therapies
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(REBT)
rational emotive behavior therapy |
Ellis uses rational arguments to Challenge a clients beliefs.
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Albert Ellis
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challenge irrational beliefs with more helpful statements
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CBT vs. Insight Therapies
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CBT is short-term and cheaper
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may only treat symptoms
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not the cause.
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Biomedical Therapies
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Directly affects biological processing
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Psychopharmacological Treatments
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Use of drugs to relieve symptoms of psychological disorder.
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Antipsychotic drugs
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drugs prescribed for mental disorders. chlorpromazine; clozapine
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Antianxiety drugs
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Benzodiazepines
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Antidepressants
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MAOIs; SSRIs
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Shock Therapy (ECT)
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shock to the head that results in convolsions
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Abnormal
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Statistical definition (rare behavior)
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Shrink's Definition of 'Abnormal'
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Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress
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(T/F) Clinical Shrinks take some factors into account when determining abnormality.
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False; All
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Medical Model
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Psychological disorders have a biological cause.
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Psychological Models
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Psychoanalysis
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Psychoanalysis
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Behavioral abnormality is the result of repressing undesirable thoughts
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Behaviorism
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Abnormal behaviors are learned
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Cognitive Perspective
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Abnormal behavior results from illogical thinking patterns.
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What do shrinks use to diagnose Psych Disorders?
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
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Contains:
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Axis I
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Clinical Disorders
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ex: Depression
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anxiety
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Axis II
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Personality Disorders and Retardation
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Axis III
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General Medical Conditions
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial and Enviromental Problems
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ex: Loss of job
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difficulty coping
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Axis V
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Global Assessment of Functioning
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What % of adults suffer from mental disorders /year?
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22
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How many people in the US suffer from mental disorders /year?
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44 million
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What % of causes in the US is from Psychological Disorders?
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4 out of the top 10
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What is the most prevelant of Psychological Disorders?
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Depression
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Rosenhan Study
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Fake patients couldn't be distinguished from real patients in psych ward
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Psychology Student Syndrome
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Students that read about symptoms often begin to see those symptoms in themselves and others.
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Anxiety Disorders
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unrealistic or excessive anxiety
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Phobia
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irrational fear
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Social Phobia
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fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation
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Specific Phobias
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fear of something in particular
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ex: spiders
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needles
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Agoraphobia
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fear of being in a place where escape is difficult should something go wrong.
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Obsessions
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Intruding thoughts that occur again and again.
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Compulsion
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Because of intrusive thoughts
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Panic Disorder
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sudden onset of extreme panic
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Panic Disorder
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Racing heart rate
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General Anxiety Disorder
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Excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least 6 months
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Causes of Anxiety disorders
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Psychoanalytic - repressed feelings or thoughts
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Cognitive - illogical
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irrational thought
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Cognitive as cause of Anxiety Disorders
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Magnification
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Mood Disorders
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Disturbance in mood ranging from extreme depression to extreme mania.
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Dysthymia
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A moderate depression that lasts for 2 years or more adn is typically associated with some outside stressor
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Cyclothymia
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A cycle between sadness and happiness that lasts more than 2 years
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Major depression
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deeply depressed mood that comes on fairly suddenly and is out of proportion with the circumstances surrounding it
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Bipolar Disorder
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manic episode (extreme happiness) followed by depression episode.
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Long lasting psychotic disorder (going crazy)
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Positive symptoms:
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What are harder to treat in LLPD: Positive or Negative symptoms?
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Negative.
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Disorganized
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confused speech patterns
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Catatonic
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does not respon to the outside world
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will not move for hours on en
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often staying in off postures.
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Paranoid
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suffers from hallucinations and delusions
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Undifferentiated
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may shift from one type of schizophrenia to another
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Residual
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after a major episode of schizophrenia that is over. Person mau return to 'somewhat' normal but retain odd
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schiz is genetic?
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probably
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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theory that it is excessive dopamine that causes schiz
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eclectic approach
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an approach to psychotherapy that
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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theory that it is excessive dopamine that causes schiz
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whorf
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grammer affects how we think about the world. the words we use to express concepts
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reasoning
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purposeful mental activity that involves operating on information in order to reach conclusions.
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formal reasoning
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information is specified clearly and there is a single right answer.
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deductive reasoning
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a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises. if the premises is true the conclusion must be true.
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inductive reasoning
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in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible to be false.
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informal reasoning
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no clear correct solution,
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reflective judgment
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also called critical thinking. question assumptions, evaluate evidence, consider alternatives to reach conclusions. King and Kitchener identified 7 cognitive stages on the road to reflective judgment.
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prereflective stages
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assumes that a correct always exsists through the senses.
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quasi-reflective stages
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people recognize some things cannot be known with certainty. They pay attention to the evidence that fits what they already believe.
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reflective stages
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the last 2 stages. people show evidence of this thinking mid to late 20s. willing to consider evidence from a variety of sources.
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affect heuristic
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tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.
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availability heuristic
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judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples.
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WISC
Wechsler intelligence scale for children |
Wechsler intelligence scale for children
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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Robert Sternberg defines intelligence as the skills and knowledge neededfor success in life. 3 aspects,
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componential intelligence
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information and problem solving statigies you draw on when thinking about a problem.
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experiential or creative intelligence
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your creativity in transfering skills to new situations.
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contextual or practical intelligence
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practical application of intelligence
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tacit knowledge
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practical action oriented stratigies for achieving your goals
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reconstructive memory
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people add delete and change elements to help them make sense of information.
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confabulation
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confusion of imagined events
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imagination inflation
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believing an event happened because you told the story so many times.
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PDP Parallel distributed processing
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or connectionist model, represents knowledge as connections amoung interacting processing units, operating in parallel.
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prefrontal cortex
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left prefrontal cortex, specialized for motivation to approach. right prefrontal cortex, specializes in withdrawl.
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mirror neurons
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activated when people observe others. empathy, imitation, learning ect.
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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during experience of emotion, they produce a state of physilogical arousal to prepare the body for energy.
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intrinsic motivation and
extrinsic |
intrinsic, for the pleasure of an activity. extrinsic, for enternal rewards.
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basal metabolism rate
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hunger, eating are regulated by body mechanisms such as basal rate
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ob gene
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regulates leptin
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oxytocin
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attachment stimulates hormone oxytocin, associated with bonding and trust which create rushes of pleasure.
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mastery goals
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learning goals in which the focus is on learning how to do the task well. lead to persistance in the face of failure.
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performance goals
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focus on performing well for others. lead to giving up after failure.
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self efficacy
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learned confidence
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Gordon Allport
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argued people have few central traits that are important to their personalities and a greater number of secondary traits.
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Raymond Cattell
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used factor analysis to identify clusters of traits that he considers the basis of personality.
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big five dimensions of personality
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extroversion versus introversion, neuroticism versus emotional stability. agreeableness versus antagonism. conscientiousness versus impulsiveness. openness versus resistance.
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socialization
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process by which children learn the rules
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maturation
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unfolding of genetically influenced behavior and characturistics.
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seperation anxiety
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8 month old infants
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parentese
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when talking to babies using high pitch words
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mental operations
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an operation is a train of thought that can be run backward or forward.
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private speech
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children talk to themselves to direct their own behavior.
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power assertion
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common method of parents to enforce moral standards, threats, physical punishments, deprivation
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induction
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parent appeals to the childs abilities and sense of responsibilities.
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authoritarian vs. authoritative
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democratic vs. permissive
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self regulation
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the ability for children to control and modify their impulses, thoughts and feelings than do children of parents who rely on power assertion.
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intersex conditions
hermaphroditism |
people who do not fit the the familiar categories of male and female. 1 out of every 2000 births, a child is born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the babies chromosomes.
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gender schema
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a mental network of beliefs and expectations about what it means to be male or female.
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identity crisis
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in erikson's 5th stage identity versus role confusion.
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social clock
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consists of the norms governing what people of the same age and historical generation are expected to do. cultures have different social clocks.
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gerontology
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research study of the aging and the old.
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adrenal hormones
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epinephrine, norepinephrin, occurs with any intense emotion. Cannon descibed these conditions as fight or flight.
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culture bond syndromes
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disorders that are specific to a culture.
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vulnerability stress model
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a persons vulnerabilities interact with external stressful events to produce mental disorders.
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paranoid personality disorder
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a person has a pervasive, unfounded suspiciousness and mistrust of other people.
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narcissistic personality disorder
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exagerated sense of self importance.
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borderline personality disorder
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history of intense and unstable relationships.
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psychopathy
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inability to feel normal emotions. lack all conscience.
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APD antisocial personality disorder
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replaced the term psychopathy. people who show a parvasive patern of disregard.
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biological model to addiction
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addiction is due to a person's biochemistry, metabolism and genetic predisposition.
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MPD dissociative identity disorder
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more than one identity
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sociocognitive explanation
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MPD is only experiencing different parts of our personality
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psychosis
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a mental condition that involves distorted perceptions.
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MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitors
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elevate the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain by blocking an enzyme that diactivates these neurotransmitters.
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tricyclic antidepressents
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boost the norepinephrine and serotonine levels
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SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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specifically target mainly serotonin.
prozac, zoloft |
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lithium
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moderating levels of norepinephrine. protects brain cells from being overstimulated by glutamate.
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prefrontal lobotomy
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reduce a patients emotional symptoms without affecting his intellect.
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ECT electroconvulsive therapy
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oldest method. shock therapy. stimulate the brain electrically
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graduated exposure
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most used behavioral approach for treating fears and panic.
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humanist therapy
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ask how clients see their own situations and constue the world around them. develope problems when they are warped by self imposed limits.
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client centered therapy, nondirective
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Carl Rogers, the importance of the therapists empathy and the ability to provide unconditional positive regard.
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family systems perspective
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approach to doing therapy with individuals or families by identifying how each family member forms part of a larger interacting system.
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integrative approach
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drawing on methods and ideas from different schools
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scientist practitioner gap
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the breach between scientists and therapists has widdened over the years.
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randomized controlled trials
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people with a given disorder are randomly assigned to one or more treatment groups or to a control group.
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motivational interviewing
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focuses on increasing a clients motivation to change his behavior or a problem.
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MST
multisystemic therapy |
an important community intervention.
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