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84 Cards in this Set
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Skeletal system |
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, other CT that attach bones to each other |
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Bone |
Each is an organ w/ CT, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, CT coverings |
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Skeletal system fn |
Support Protection Mineral storage Triglyceride storage Red & white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) Leverage (assist in mvmt) |
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Periosteum |
CT membrane covering external surface of bone Cont w/ tendons, CT of joints Attached to bone matrix via perforating fibers 2 layers: outer fibrous & inner osteogenic |
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Endosteum |
Lining inner surface of bone including marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, canals of compact bone Contains osteogenic cells-important for bone growth & remodeling |
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Osteogenic cells |
Stem cells formed from mesenchyme (embryonic CT) |
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Osteoblasts |
Cells build bone=bone formation Syn organic components of matrix Initiate calcification-take Ca from blood & deposit w/in matrix by exocytosis Immature cells |
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Osteocytes |
Mature cell involved in maintenance of bone tissue Sense bone microdamage & mechanical forces on bone & signals for repair |
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Osteoclasts |
Break down bone=bone resorption Release proteolytic enzymes & acids to degrade collagen & release minerals to blood Derived from myloid stem cells |
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Bone modeling |
Bone formed by osteoblasts w/out prior bone resorption Happens during growth Produces chg in bone size & shape |
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Bone remodeling |
Bone first resorbed by osteoclasts & then formed in same location by osteoblasts Happens throughout life |
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Goal of modeling/remodeling |
Achieve strength for loading & lightness for mobility |
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Extracellular matrix |
Organic- ground sub & collagen fiber Inorganic- water & hydroxyapatite |
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Organic components |
Ground sub- GAG Glycoproteins-polysaccaride + protein Negatively charged Collagen fiber Fibrous protein arranged in helical form Resistant to pulling forces Provides flexibility & framework for deposition of Ca crystals |
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Inorganic components |
Water- attracted to ground sub Makes up 25% of extracellular matrix Hydroxyapatite- Ca phosphate & Ca hydroxide + other minerals & ions Forms mineral plates called hydroxyapatite platelets |
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Organization of organic/inorganic components |
Salts (hydroxyapatite) deposited w/in collagen fiber As hydroxyapatite condenses, other inorganic salts & ions percipitate in matrix to fill spaces w/in collagen fiber |
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Collagen & minerals |
Collagen- flexibility Minerals- firmness |
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Rickets |
Inorganic component deficient Ca deficiency due to lack of vitamin D leads to flexible bones |
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Scurvy |
Organic component deficient Prob w/ collagen syn due to vitamin C deficiency leads to brittle bones that can fracture easily |
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Spongy bone |
Irregular lattice of thin plates (trabecullae) Osteocytes housed in lacunae Epiphysis of long bone, surrounding marrow cavities, flat, short, Irregular bones W/stand force from many directions Lightens skeleton Contains red marrow from hemopoiesis |
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Compact bone |
Solid network of bone organized in concentric ring structures (osteon) External layer of all bones, diaphysis of long bones Gives long bones ability w/stand forces along longitudinal axis |
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Infant Bone formation |
Fontanels (soft spot) Epiphyseal of long bone made of cartilage Epiphyseal plates stay cartilage until adulthood |
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Fetus bones |
Composed of loose CT (mesenchyme) & hyaline cartilage |
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Ossification |
Replacement of CT by bone Begins during 2nd month of develop Intramembranous & endochondral |
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Intramembranous |
W/in membrane Mesenchyme--->bone Cranial bones, mandible, sternum, clavicle Develop ossification center Calcification Form trabecullae (spongy bone) Develop periosteum |
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Endochondral ossification |
Inside cartilage Mesenchyme-->cartilage-->bone Most bones in body Growth in length at epiphyseal plate |
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Calcification |
Deposition of Ca |
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Growth of cartilage |
Interstitial growth Appositional growth |
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Interstitial growth |
W/in cartilage Length at epiphyseal plate |
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Appositional growth |
Outer surface Width |
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Fractures |
Break in continuity of bone rendering structurally incompetent |
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Traumatic fracture |
Normal bone experiencing abnormal forces |
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Pathologic fracture |
Abnormal bone experiencing normal forces |
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Gross incomplete fracture |
Bone partially broken in continuity Greenstick-incomplete results in bent bone in child/youths |
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Gross complete fracture |
Loss in continuity |
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Gross non-displaced fracture |
Complete fracture result in speration of broken bone pieces from ea other |
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Gross displaced fracture |
Complete fracture result in seperation of 1 broken piece from other |
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Gross simple (closed) fracture |
Complete, displaced neither broken piece of bone breaks skin |
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Gross open (compound) fracture |
Complete, displaced 1 or more broken pieces of bone break skin |
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Repair for bone fractures |
Formation of fracture hematoma Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling |
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Treatmemt for bone fractures |
Immobilization Reduction Closed-setting&splinting bone for natural healing Open-surgical use of rods, plates, pins,etc position bone & bone fragments correctly for proper healing |
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Factors that influence bone |
Dietary:minerals & vitamins Hormones Exercise |
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Dietary |
Minerals: Ca & P (also Mg, F, Mn) Vitamins: A-stim osteoblast activ C- needed for collage syn D- stim Ca absorption K,B12- need for syn bone proteins |
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Ca homeostasis |
Goal: reg blood Ca w/in norm range (8.5-11.0 mg/dl) Why- Ca important physiological role: membrane excitability(blood clotting) & intercellular activ(2nd messenger) How- control Ca entry into & exit from blood: bone storage, intestinal absorption, kidney excretion |
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Hormones involved in Ca homeostasis |
Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Calcitriol (vitamin D) |
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Calcitonin |
Stim: high blood Ca Source: thyroid gland (parafollicular cell) Target tissue: bone, kidney, intestine Actions (goal to decrease bone resorption): inhibit osteoclast activity, increase excretion of Ca at kidney, inhibit absorption of Ca at intestine End result: decrease blood Ca |
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Parathyroid hormone |
Stim: low blood Ca Source: parathyroid gland Target tissue: bone, kidney, intestine Actions (goal to increase Ca): stim osteoclast activity, decrease excretion of Ca at kidney, stim intestinal absorption of Ca & promote calcitriol (vit D) action End result: increase blood Ca |
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Vitamin D |
Calcitriol: active form of vit D 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 Vit D steroid hormone- derived from cholesterol (lipophilic/hydrophobic) |
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Actions of calcitriol (active form of vit D) |
Stim osteoclast activ (increase bone resorption) Decrease Ca excretion at kidney Increase Ca absorption at intestine (works well with PTH stim absorption) End result: increase blood Ca |
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How much Ca should you have per day? |
Young adults(19-50) need 1000mg Ca from diet&sup to avoid bone loss |
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Hormones that influence bone |
Calcitonin & PTH = osteoclasts Growth hormone(somatotropin) & estrogen/testosterone = osteoblasts |
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Growth hormone (somatotropin) |
Stim cell growth & protein syn (collagen) Stim form of insulin like growth factors (IGFs) --> stim osteoblast activ --> stim bone form |
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Skeletal disorders associated w/ GH |
Pituitary dwarfism Pituitary giantism Acromegaly |
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Pituitary dwarfism |
Children w/ low levels of growth hormone--> slow epiphyseal growth (short stature) |
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Pituitary giantism |
Hypersection of growth hormone in childhood--> accelerated epiphyseal growth (tall stature) |
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Acromegaly |
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty--> appositional growth (thickening of bones) in skull, hands, feet--> epiphyseal plates of long bones already closed |
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Estrogen/testosterone |
Both stim osteoblast activity--> stim bone form Levels increase at puberty: bone growth/height spurts, eventually cause closure of epiphyseal plates because osteoblast/osteoclast activity slightly greater than chondrocyte activ Levels decrease w/ older age |
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Effect of exercise on bone |
Bone will chg in response to stresses 1. Muscle pulling on bone --> joint rxn forces 2. Impact --> ground rxn forces |
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Spongy vs compact |
Spongy- more metabolically active- can respond to chgs in mechanical loading more readily Most likely sites of fracture areas w/ high spongy bone content (hip, wrist, spine) |
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Role of exercise |
Goal: reach fracture threshold later in life Early- increase peak bone mass Later- prevent bone loss Other benefits- fall prevention - improved strength, balance, coordination |
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Bone estrogen strength training (BEST) study |
Postmenopausal women (N=266) Split into exercise & control groups Exercisers trained 3x per week, 2 sets of 8-10 reps for ea exercise at 70-80% rep max All subjects took Ca supplements |
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BEST study strength training exercises |
Wall squat/ smith squat One arm military press Leg press Lat pull down Seated row Back extension |
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Effects of exercise on bone |
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Osteoporosis |
Porous bone--> increased fracture risk Proportion of collagen & minerals norm but decrease in mass |
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What causes reduced bone mass? |
Any factor stimulates bone resorption or inhibits formation Ostoclast activ>osteoblast activ (Bone resorp) (bone form) |
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Osteoporosis risk factors |
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Articulation |
Point of contact between: 1. Bones (elbow) 2. Bones & cartilage (epiphyseal plates) 3. Bones and teeth |
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Structural classification of joints based on anatomical structure |
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
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Functional classification of joints based on amount of mvmt at joint |
Immovable-->synarthrosis Slightly movable--> amphiarthrosis Freely movable-->diarthrosis |
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Types of synarthroses |
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Types of amphiarthrosis |
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Types of diarthrosis |
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Structure of diarthrosis (synovial joint) |
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Functions of synovial fluid |
1. Lubricates joint 2. Provides nutrients to articular cartilage (avascular) 3. Shock absorption |
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Accessory structures of synovial joint |
Ligaments:intracapsular & extracapsular Tendons Bursae Meniscus Labrum |
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Shoulder joint |
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Shoulder joint ligaments |
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Shoulder joint tendons |
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Elbow joint |
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Knee joint |
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Knee joint extracapsular ligaments |
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Knee joint intracapsular ligament |
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Temporomandibular joint |
Only moveable joint of skull Mandibular condyle of mandible & mandibular fossa of temporal bone TMJ syndrome- pain associated w/ muscle spasm (muscles pull joint out of alignment) |
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Articulations of thoracic vertebrae |
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