Psc 135 Exam 2 Part 1

Front 1

Sound info path

Back 1

Nerve to brainstem to thalamus to p.aud. cort.
Auditory nerve to cochlear and collicular nuclei in brainstem. ° then projected to medial geniculate of thalamus and up to primary auditory cortex. ° Primary auditory cortex contains neurons coding frequency. ° Cortex neurons have tuning to specific ear

Front 2

What parts of the brain are integral to sound location detection

Back 2

brainstem ( cochlear and collicular nuclei) and thalamus (m. geniculate nucleus)

Front 3

Understand some basic mechanisms for frequency, amplitude, and location coding.

Front 4

What is the only sense that does not involve the thalamus

Back 4

smell

Front 5

Olfaction information flow

Back 5

bipolar receptors to olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex Taste receptor depolarized -> brainstem nucleus (gustatory nucleus) -> ventral posterior medial nucleus in thalamus -> primary gustatory cortex (insula and operculum).

Front 6

Five primary types of sensory receptors

Back 6

° Merkle’s corpuscles: regular touch. ° Meissner’s corpuscles: light touch. ° Pacinian corpuscles for deep pressure. ° Ruffini corpuscles: temperature information. ° Nociceptors: pain information

Front 7

Flow of information in somatosensation

Back 7

RNBTC Sensory receptors -> via nerves up spinal cord ° ->brainstem -> thalamus -> primary sensory cortex (note crossing of at fibers at thalamus).

Front 8

Ganglion cells in the retina

Back 8

° Ganglion cell has a small area of retina it “monitors.” ° Center-surround: light in the center of field excites neuron, in “surround”, inhibits. ° The center-surround property arises from inhibitory horizontal cells that mediate between cones. Also from summation of bipolar cells

Front 9

Five primary types of sensory receptors

Back 9

° Meissner’s corpuscles: light touch.° Merkle’s corpuscles: regular touch. ° Pacinian corpuscles for deep pressure. ° Nociceptors: pain information° Ruffini corpuscles: temperature information.

Front 10

Flow of information in somatosensation

Back 10

RNBTC
° Sensory receptors -> via nerves up spinal cord ->brainstem -> thalamus -> primary sensory cortex (note crossing of at fibers at thalamus).

Front 11

Ganglion cells in the retina

Back 11

° Ganglion cell has a small area of retina it “monitors.” ° Center-surround: light in the center of field excites neuron, in “surround”, inhibits. ° The center-surround property arises from inhibitory horizontal cells that mediate between cones. Also from summation of bipolar cells

Front 12

Flow of information from optic nerve to thalamus

Back 12

Cross at optic chiasm. few to brainstem for eye-movement and most to LGN° 10 % of fibers go to brainstem nuclei for coordinating eye-movements. ° 90 % to to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus. ° Crossing at optic chiasm. ° Thalamic neurons have similar response to ganglion cells (e.g., center, excite, periphery, inhibit, etc).

Front 13

Optic Nerve: Visual hemifields: draw

Back 13

Slide 32 lecture 5

Front 14

Primary visual cortex

Back 14

V1 or striate cortex

Front 15

draw calcarine fissure

Front 16

Anatomical Organization of V1

Back 16

upside down axis calcarine
° Upper visual field = inferior to calcarine ° Lower visual field = superior to calcarine

Back 17

Fovea is most posterior representation in V1 with peripheral more anterior

Front 18

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Back 18

In the thalamus and primary processing center for visual info

Front 19

line recognition

Back 19

LGN (in thalamus) cells have center-surround excitation-inhibition.
° Summing these up can give a response to lines!
° Penetrating from surface of cortex, you will find continuous layer of cells (in layers 2,3) all responding to same orientation.
° Cells laterally respond to slightly differently oriented stimulus.

Front 20

What vs. Where Pathways: What happens after V1 and basic visual processing steps?

Back 20

CREATE AN ANSWER FOR THIS

Front 21

Two pathways after V1

Back 21

Ventral, or (occipitotemporal) pathway vs. dorsal (occipitopareital) pathway.

Front 22

What is the difference in lateralization of visual info for temp vs par. Lobes

Back 22

temporal lobe receptive fields are bilateral due to crossing of fibers via corpus collosum. Parietal lobe representations tend to be more unilateral.

Front 23

How would you lesion to abolish memory for object ID

Back 23

right V1, left infero-temporal lobe, and corpus collosum

Front 24

How would you lesion to abolish memory for object location

Back 24

right V1 and left parietal cortex

Front 25

Infero-temporal lobe neurons show selectivity to

Back 25

specific stimuli but are spatially invariant

Front 26

View-invariant or view-dependent ?

Back 26

° View-dependent: We store many different views of same object and we integrate these later in the brain. ° View-independent: we establish major and minor axes of object (Marr) based on sensory experience. ° Truth is likely a combination.

Front 27

associative agnosia and lesions producing it

Back 27

Can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but can't recognize them. Can still able to reproduce an image through copying. Left hemishphere lesions

Front 28

apperceptive agnosia

Back 28

can't recognize objects. Right hemisphere lesions

Front 29

Integrative agnosia

Back 29

This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.

Front 30

What vs. Where Pathways: What happens after V1 and basic visual processing steps?

Back 30

CREATE AN ANSWER FOR THIS

Front 31

Two pathways after V1

Back 31

Ventral, or (occipitotemporal) pathway vs. dorsal (occipitopareital) pathway.

Front 32

What is the difference in lateralization of visual info for temp vs par. Lobes

Back 32

temporal lobe receptive fields are bilateral due to crossing of fibers via corpus collosum. Parietal lobe representations tend to be more unilateral.

Front 33

How would you lesion to abolish memory for object ID

Back 33

right V1, left infero-temporal lobe, and corpus collosum

Front 34

How would you lesion to abolish memory for object location

Back 34

right V1 and left parietal cortex

Front 35

Infero-temporal lobe neurons show selectivity to

Back 35

specific stimuli but are spatially invariant

Front 36

View-invariant or view-dependent ?

Back 36

° View-dependent: We store many different views of same object and we integrate these later in the brain. ° View-independent: we establish major and minor axes of object (Marr) based on sensory experience. ° Truth is likely a combination.

Front 37

associative agnosia

Back 37

Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. Patients suffering from associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying. Left hemishphere lesions

Front 38

apperceptive agnosia

Back 38

visual disorder that renders a person unable to recognize objects. Right hemisphere lesions

Front 39

Integrative agnosia

Back 39

This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.

Front 40

Fusiform gyrus

Back 40

Part of the temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus (BE ABLE TO DRAW)

Front 41

Alpha motor neurons

Back 41

neurons that cause muscles to contract.

Front 42

Electromyogram

Back 42

ways to record electrical potentials in muscles

Front 43

Agonist/antagonist effects in muscles

Back 43

through Inhibitory interneurons in spinal Cord.

Front 44

Organization of motor output from brain

Back 44

THIS IS BAD FIX IT° Corticospinal tract: origination in cortex and contact alpha motor neurons (direct synapse). Contralateral setup, e.g., crosses at brainstem and spinal cord. ° Extra-pyamidal tracts: originate subcortically …some do NOT cross (e.g., Cerebellar).

Front 45

Motor control at the lowest levels

Back 45

Reflexes and central pattern generators

Front 46

striatum

Back 46

subcortical part of the telencephalon/cerebrum. Major input station of the basal ganglia syste and is made up of the caudate nucleus and the putamen

Front 47

basal ganglia

Back 47

CPGSS
group of nuclei in the brain made up of: caudate nucleus, the putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra

Front 48

population vector

Back 48

Groups of neurons will all respond during and prior to a movement. How they “vote” determines overall direction.

Front 49

Internal vs. external guidance of movement

Back 49

° Neurons in Supp. Mot. Area (just anterior of pre-motor cortex) more active during internal guided movement, neurons in pre-motor cortex more active during external movement. ° Monkey do task where either press buttons that are illuminated on keyboard (external) or learn sequence and play it at a queue (internal)

Front 50

Apraxia

Back 50

loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. It is a disorder of motor planning

Front 51

Ideomotor apraxia

Back 51

Patient knows action but has trouble executing. Apparent dissociation of the idea of the action with its execution. Lesion evidence to damage in premotor

Front 52

Ideational apraxia

Back 52

Knowledge of action is gone. Lesion evidence for damage left parietal cortex.

Front 53

Anatomy of cerebellum

Back 53

cerebellar cortex, spinocerebellum, and vestibulocerebellum.

Front 54

Vestibulocerebellum lesions

Back 54

Eliminate balance and coordination

Front 55

Spinocerebellum lesions

Back 55

distrupt smooth movements (vermis, in spinocerebellum, area esp. effected during alcohol consumption

Front 56

Neocerebellum: lesions

Back 56

disrupt coordination and voluntary movements (e.g., throwing).

Front 57

General function of cerebellum and effect of lesions

Back 57

May play a broad role in coordination and timing of motor movements. Lesions of cerebellum disrupt classically conditioned reflexes

Front 58

Types of connections in the basal ganglia

Back 58

May be inhibitory or excitatory, depending on pathway. ° Thalamus always excites. ° Cortex usually excites.

Front 59

Parkinson's

Back 59

Damage to substantia nigra

Front 60

Huntington's

Back 60

Damage to striatum

Front 61

° Understand: ° Basic anatomical organization of motor systems. ° Hierarchical representations of action. Internal and externally guided actions. ° How neurons in motor cortex code movements. ° Interaction with sensory world and mirror neurons. ° Functional organization of motor systems: how do they all work together? ° Relevant patient studies and animal work to systems understanding. ° Disorders of movement in more detail (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease) and functional circuitry

Front 64

Lecture 8

Front 65

° Consolidation.

Front 66

Learning is

Back 66

change in behavior as a result of experience

Front 67

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Back 67

proposed that human memory involves a sequence of three stages: 1. Sensory memory (SM) 2. Short-term memory (STM) 3. Long-term memory (LTM)

Front 68

Baddeley model

Back 68

Working memory model. Central executive which acts as supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The slave systems are short-term storage systems dedicated to a content domain (verbal and visuo-spatial, respectively). In 2000 Baddeley added a third slave system to his model; the episodic buffer.

Front 69

Lesion evidence for Baddeley model

Back 69

can selectively impair phonological working memory (left supramarginal gyrus). ° Lesions can separately impair visual sketch pad (parieto-occipital pathway).

Front 70

Part of the brain implicated in declarative memory

Back 70

Med. Temp lobe

Front 71

Part of the brain implicated in non-declarative memory. Priming learning and conditioning

Back 71

Extra-hippocampal structures like the cerebellum and sensory cortices. ° Skill learning impaired in patients with basal ganglia damage ° Priming may involve sensory cortex ° Cerebellum important for conditioning

Front 72

What do medial temporal lobe structures contribute to memory?

Back 72

° Encoding and recall of explicit declarative memories (hippocampus and surrounding tissue). ° Spatial and temporal memory (e.g., episodic memory).

Front 73

Regions for recollection and familiarity

Back 73

Hippocampus for recollection and parahippocampal for familiarity